Agricultural Engineering Fundamentals

The power produced by the engine before any losses from the transmission system or other auxiliary components.

The power delivered to the crankshaft after accounting for mechanical losses such as friction in the engine.

The power delivered to the wheels of a vehicle.

The ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

The ratio of the length of the piston stroke to the diameter of the cylinder.

The volume swept by the piston as it moves from the bottom to the top of its stroke.

The ratio of the BHP to the IHP, indicating the efficiency of the engine.

A tillage operation that breaks up the soil to a greater depth than secondary tillage, often used to prepare land for planting.

The amount of fuel consumed per unit of power output.

The ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to the volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

The ratio of air and fuel in the combustion chamber.

The ratio of the useful work output of an engine to the heat energy input.

A measure of the engine's ability to produce power at different speeds and loads.

The ability to keep running smoothly and reliably, especially when the engine is under load.

The amount of power produced by the engine for each kilogram of weight.

The number of power strokes in an engine cycle.

The first stroke in a two-stroke engine involves drawing fresh mixture into the cylinder through the suction port and compressing it as the piston moves upward. Simultaneously, fresh mixture is drawn into the crankcase through the suction port.

The burning gases ignited in the first stroke drive the piston downward, pushing out exhaust gases through the exhaust port. During this downward motion, the compressed mixture in the crankcase is transferred into the cylinder through the transfer port, effectively pushing out the remaining exhaust gases.

TDC is the position where the piston is at the top of its travel within the cylinder. It's crucial for ignition and compression in the first stroke.

BDC is the position where the piston is at the bottom of its travel within the cylinder. It's important for the suction and transfer processes of the first stroke.

In two-stroke engines, both sides of the piston are actively used, unlike in four-stroke engines where only one side is involved in power generation.

The process of removing burnt gases from the engine cylinder. Efficient scavenging ensures clean combustion for better performance.

A device used in two-stroke engines to aid in the removal of the exhaust gases during scavenging. It helps to ensure complete removal of burnt gases and enhances overall engine efficiency.

Diesel engines use fuel that ignites under compression from the air. Petrol (carburetor) engines use a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

The main part of the plough to which the shoe, beam and handle are attached.

The working part of the plough that penetrates and breaks up the soil.

A long wooden piece connecting the plough body to the yoke.

A vertical piece attached to the body that helps the operator control the plough.

The process of turning the soil over before planting.

A furrow created by a plough that has a trapezoidal shape.

A type of plough with a curved metal plate that lifts and turns the soil.

The part of the mouldboard plough that cuts the soil horizontally below the surface.

The front edge of the share, which creates a horizontal cut in the soil.

The outer end of the cutting edge of the share, providing support for the plough bottom.

The vertical face of the share that slides along the furrow wall, taking the side thrust of the soil.

The edge where the mould board and share meet on the frog of the plough.

A simple, one-piece share with a curved cutting edge, commonly used by farmers.

A share with a detachable point that can be replaced when worn out.

A share that has an extension on its side to prevent the mouldboard from wearing out.

A share with an extension acting as the landside of the plough, offering little advantage over other types.

The battery ignition system consists of two circuits: a low-voltage circuit (primary circuit) and a high-voltage circuit (secondary circuit). The low-voltage circuit includes the battery, ignition switch, series register, primary winding, and contact breaker, connected in series. The high-voltage circuit includes the secondary winding, distributor rotor, high-voltage wiring, and spark plugs, connected in series.

When the ignition switch is turned on, current flows from the battery through the primary winding of the ignition coil, building a magnetic field. The breaker points open when the piston is at the end of the compression stroke, rapidly collapsing the magnetic field. This sudden collapse induces a high-voltage surge in the secondary winding.

The high voltage from the secondary winding is directed by the distributor rotor to the correct spark plug, triggering a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.

The spark plug is a device that allows a high-voltage current to jump across a gap, igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. It consists of a threaded outer shell, an outside electrode, an insulator, and a copper gasket. The gap between the electrodes must be maintained according to the manufacturer's specifications.

The distributor is responsible for distributing the high-voltage current from the ignition coil to the correct spark plug in sequence. It contains a rotor that rotates, delivering current to the appropriate spark plug terminal based on engine timing.

The ignition coil is a transformer that increases the voltage from the battery to a very high value. It has two windings: a primary winding and a secondary winding. The primary winding is connected to the battery and the contact breaker, while the secondary winding is connected to the distributor.

The condenser is a device connected parallel to the contact breaker that stores electric energy. It helps to reduce arcing and prevent premature wear on the breaker points when they open.

The ignition switch controls the flow of current to the ignition circuit. It has multiple positions, usually 'Off,' 'On,' and 'Start,' allowing the driver to control the ignition system.