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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
What is one of the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
What is a common cause of ligament injuries?
What is a common cause of ligament injuries?
What is a typical clinical manifestation of a muscle injury?
What is a typical clinical manifestation of a muscle injury?
Which type of trauma is most likely to lead to swelling and bruising in an injury?
Which type of trauma is most likely to lead to swelling and bruising in an injury?
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Where do bone cells primarily form blood cells?
Where do bone cells primarily form blood cells?
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What does the musculoskeletal system provide to the body aside from mobility?
What does the musculoskeletal system provide to the body aside from mobility?
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Which of the following could indicate a ligament injury?
Which of the following could indicate a ligament injury?
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What type of tissue connects bones to muscles?
What type of tissue connects bones to muscles?
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Which of the following factors could lead to tinnitus and vertigo in patients?
Which of the following factors could lead to tinnitus and vertigo in patients?
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What is a commonly used medication type for managing the symptoms of vertigo?
What is a commonly used medication type for managing the symptoms of vertigo?
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What type of examination is typically performed to assess hearing loss?
What type of examination is typically performed to assess hearing loss?
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Which intervention might be necessary for patients suffering from impacted cerumen?
Which intervention might be necessary for patients suffering from impacted cerumen?
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What is one goal of health promotion education for individuals with hearing loss?
What is one goal of health promotion education for individuals with hearing loss?
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What is a potential outcome of middle ear conductive issues?
What is a potential outcome of middle ear conductive issues?
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Which type of therapy is recommended pre-and post-surgery for hearing-related conditions?
Which type of therapy is recommended pre-and post-surgery for hearing-related conditions?
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What role do hearing aids play for individuals with hearing loss?
What role do hearing aids play for individuals with hearing loss?
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What can impaired movement of the teeth indicate in relation to TMJ involvement?
What can impaired movement of the teeth indicate in relation to TMJ involvement?
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Which condition is characterized by resistance to iron therapy?
Which condition is characterized by resistance to iron therapy?
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What approach can be utilized for managing pain?
What approach can be utilized for managing pain?
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In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which type of drug is commonly used for treatment?
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which type of drug is commonly used for treatment?
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What happens to circulating autoantibodies in inflammatory diseases?
What happens to circulating autoantibodies in inflammatory diseases?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with the skin in systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which symptom is commonly associated with the skin in systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What type of anemia may be observed in chronic inflammatory diseases?
What type of anemia may be observed in chronic inflammatory diseases?
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What neurological symptoms can manifest due to central nervous system involvement?
What neurological symptoms can manifest due to central nervous system involvement?
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Which condition results from antibodies binding to mast and basophil cells during an allergic reaction?
Which condition results from antibodies binding to mast and basophil cells during an allergic reaction?
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What are some common triggers for allergic reactions mentioned?
What are some common triggers for allergic reactions mentioned?
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Which group is identified as having a higher risk for HIV infection?
Which group is identified as having a higher risk for HIV infection?
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Which symptom is characteristic of acute HIV infection?
Which symptom is characteristic of acute HIV infection?
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What is a major consequence of liver inflammation due to infection?
What is a major consequence of liver inflammation due to infection?
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What is one of the higher viral load symptoms of chronic HIV infection?
What is one of the higher viral load symptoms of chronic HIV infection?
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Which behavior increases the risk of HIV transmission?
Which behavior increases the risk of HIV transmission?
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What causes ascites in the context of liver disease?
What causes ascites in the context of liver disease?
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Which intervention should be performed if a patient with hypoglycemia is unconscious and unable to swallow?
Which intervention should be performed if a patient with hypoglycemia is unconscious and unable to swallow?
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What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
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What is a common risk factor for developing hypothyroidism?
What is a common risk factor for developing hypothyroidism?
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Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating thyroid function?
Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating thyroid function?
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Which intervention is appropriate for a patient experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia with a blood sugar of 60 mg/dL?
Which intervention is appropriate for a patient experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia with a blood sugar of 60 mg/dL?
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What condition should be monitored in patients taking amiodarone?
What condition should be monitored in patients taking amiodarone?
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What might be a consequence of untreated hypothyroidism?
What might be a consequence of untreated hypothyroidism?
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What is the recommended course of action for a patient with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia?
What is the recommended course of action for a patient with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia?
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What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to regulate thyroid function?
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to regulate thyroid function?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
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What condition may result from untreated hyperthyroidism?
What condition may result from untreated hyperthyroidism?
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Which risk factor is NOT associated with hyperthyroidism?
Which risk factor is NOT associated with hyperthyroidism?
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What is a likely outcome of significant hyperthyroidism on metabolic processes?
What is a likely outcome of significant hyperthyroidism on metabolic processes?
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Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?
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Which physiological change is commonly observed in hyperthyroidism?
Which physiological change is commonly observed in hyperthyroidism?
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What is the primary effect of the excessive secretion in hyperthyroidism?
What is the primary effect of the excessive secretion in hyperthyroidism?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Sprains: Injuries to ligaments (tissue connecting bones), commonly in ankles, knees, or wrists. Often caused by twisting, falling, or sports activities. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and limited movement. More common than strains.
- Strains: Injuries to muscles or tendons (tissue connecting muscle to bone). Common in the back or hamstrings, caused by overstretching, heavy lifting, overuse, or sudden movements. Symptoms include muscle pain, tenderness, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the affected muscle. Slightly more severe than sprains.
- RICE Method: Treatment for sprains and strains. R=rest, I=ice, C=compress, E=elevate. Used to reduce inflammation and pain.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Common Disease: Most frequent joint disorder. Chronic joint degeneration, typically in weight-bearing joints like hands, hips, knees, and spine.
- Degenerative: Characterized by gradual erosion of joint cartilage.
- Risk Factors: Age, obesity, trauma, and occupation.
- Clinical Presentation: Joint tenderness, swelling, decreased range of motion, creaking or grating sounds (crepitus), and possibly bony enlargements (Heberden's or Bouchard's nodes).
- Diagnosis: Physical exam (joint tenderness, swelling, movement), imaging (x-rays to rule out fractures, MRI to assess soft tissue damage (in severe cases)), and labs (to rule out Inflammatory causes).
- Nursing Care: Pain management (meds, heat/cold), assess functional ability, provide assistive devices (canes, walkers), and weight management.
Osteoporosis
- Low Bone Mass: Characterized by low bone mass (osteopenia) and deterioration of bone tissue.
- Increased Bone Reabsorption: Higher rate of bone reabsorption than bone formation.
- Risk Factors: Older age, females more than males, family history, long-term steroid use, lower BMI.
- Clinical Presentation: Severe back pain, loss of height, and increased risk of fractures (especially hip fractures).
- Diagnosis: Bone mineral density test (DXA or DEXA scan).
- Treatment: Identify and manage risk factors (e.g., smoking cessation). Medications (calcium/vitamin D, bisphosphonates). Lifestyle changes: Weight-bearing exercises. Fall prevention strategies.
Fractures
- Broken Bones: A break in a bone.
- Causes: Trauma, stress, or underlying diseases like osteoporosis or cancer.
- Types: Closed (simple), open (compound), comminuted, displaced versus nondisplaced.
- Clinical Presentation: Pain/tenderness, swelling/edema, deformity, bruising, limited movement.
- Diagnosis: X-rays, CT scans, (most common), labs: CBC, ESR.
- Treatment: Immobilization (cast or splint), pain management, physical therapy. Surgery may be required for severe fractures or complications.
Amputations
- Surgical Removal: Removal of all or part of limb for various reasons, including trauma or disease (PVD, infection/gangrene).
- Post-Op: Monitoring for complications (bleeding, infection, tissue perfusion, pain management (phantom pain)).
- Rehab: Prosthetic fitting and therapy.
Sensory-Perceptual/Cognition
- Vision: Common age-related vision changes (e.g., presbyopia, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma). Nursing Assessments include vision acuity and visual field testing.
- Hearing: Common age-related hearing loss (e.g., presbycusis), Meniere's disease. Nursing interventions include hearing aid use/training, audiology referral.
Other
- Autoimmune Diseases (RA, SLE, others): Chronic inflammatory diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues/organs.
- Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reaction, potentially life-threatening, often caused by exposure to allergens (foods, meds, insect bites).
- Trauma/Relocation Syndrome: Stress response to a significant change in environment or life.
- HIV/AIDS: Infectious disease affecting the immune system, transmission via bodily fluids.
Endocrine and Metabolic
- Hypothyroidism: Thyroid gland underactive. Results in slowed metabolism. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Common cause is Hashimoto's disease. May be tested for with TSH lab and T-4. Treat with levothyroxine as needed. Other common causes of hypothyroidism include radioactive iodine, thyroid surgery, exposure to radiation, other underlying disorders.
- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid gland. Increased metabolic rate. Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heart rate, and anxiety. Common cause is Graves' disease. May be tested for via TSH, T-4. Treat with Antithyroid meds methimazole or PTU.
- Diabetes Mellitus (Types 1 & 2): Metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar (glucose) regulation. Type 1 typically autoimmune destruction of the beta cells, Type 2 characterized by cellular resistance to insulin. Interventions include health promotion (diet, exercise, weight management), monitoring (BS, A1C), medication (oral hypoglycemics, insulin).
- Diabetes Complications: Cardiovascular problems (CVD, stroke), kidney damage (nephropathy), nerve damage (neuropathy).
- Diabetes Emergency: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemia (low BS).
Infections
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics/antimicrobials.
- Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, abdominal lining, caused by infection or trauma.
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (protective layers of brain/spinal cord), often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
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