Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for the discrepancy in the age of intelligence decline reported in early and later studies?
What is the primary reason for the discrepancy in the age of intelligence decline reported in early and later studies?
Which type of intelligence is most resistant to decline with age?
Which type of intelligence is most resistant to decline with age?
What is the most effective way to reverse declines in intellectual abilities?
What is the most effective way to reverse declines in intellectual abilities?
What is the primary distinction made in the information-processing perspective of memory?
What is the primary distinction made in the information-processing perspective of memory?
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What is the exception to the stability of semantic memory with age?
What is the exception to the stability of semantic memory with age?
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What is the component of memory that is relatively unaffected by age or injury?
What is the component of memory that is relatively unaffected by age or injury?
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Which of the following is a strategy that can partially compensate for memory loss in older adults?
Which of the following is a strategy that can partially compensate for memory loss in older adults?
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What is the term for the tendency of older adults to be more attentive to positive than negative events and emotions?
What is the term for the tendency of older adults to be more attentive to positive than negative events and emotions?
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What is the factor that plays a role in individual differences in cognitive aging, according to the text?
What is the factor that plays a role in individual differences in cognitive aging, according to the text?
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What is the basis for older people's subjective evaluations of their cognitive abilities, according to the text?
What is the basis for older people's subjective evaluations of their cognitive abilities, according to the text?
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Study Notes
IQ Scores and Age
- Early studies showed a decline in intelligence starting in the 30s, but later longitudinal studies revealed a moderate decline starting in the 60s due to cohort effects.
Types of Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence abilities decline starting in the 60s.
- Crystallized intelligence abilities remain stable well into the 70s or 80s.
Reversing Declines
- Declines in intellectual abilities can be reversed through specific training, physical exercise, and general test-taking training, with long-term effects.
Memory
- Memory is divided into sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store, with declarative (explicit) memory and nondeclarative (procedural) memory.
- Age-related declines are less for short-term memory than for working memory.
- Long-term store includes episodic memory (information about recent events) and semantic memory (general factual information).
- Episodic memory declines with age, while semantic memory is stable until the 70s.
- Procedural memory (how to perform familiar tasks) is relatively unaffected by age or injury.
- Older adults perform poorly on prospective memory tasks (remembering to do something in the future).
Compensating for Memory Loss
- Memory loss can be partially compensated for by external aids (lists, calendars) and training (mental imagery, method of loci).
Contextual Perspective
- Older people perform better on memory tests when tasks fit their cognitive styles, such as using emotional content or transmitting knowledge to the next generation.
Real-World Cognition
- Older adults make good decisions and judgments in less time and using less information than younger people, drawing on their greater store of experience.
- Older adults often show better decision-making skills than younger adults, especially with interpersonal problems.
- Older adults tend to show a positivity bias, being more attentive to positive events and emotions.
Individual Differences
- Individual differences in aging cognitive abilities are influenced by health, genes, education, and income history.
- Mental and physical exercise can lead to better cognitive abilities in later years.
Subjective Evaluations
- Older people's subjective evaluations of their cognitive abilities are based more on stereotypes of aging than on actual decline.
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between aging and intelligence, including the decline of fluid intelligence and stability of crystallized intelligence in older adults. Learn about the impact of cohort effects and longitudinal studies on our understanding of intelligence and aging.
