98 Questions
Which grief pattern is characterized by elevated initial grief with symptoms worsening over time?
Delayed Grief
What is the belief called when individuals think that bad things happen to others but not to themselves?
Unique Invulnerability
By what age do children build a partial understanding of the biological nature of death?
Age 4
Which theory suggests that common responses to mortality include becoming more committed to a cultural worldview?
Terror Management Theory
Which form of euthanasia involves the deliberate action taken to shorten life?
Active Euthanasia
What characterizes the 'Resolution' phase in Grief Work?
Adjustment and Moving Forward
Which model includes 'Confrontation' and 'Restoration' as stages of dealing with grief?
Dual-Process Model
According to the Terror Management Theory, what psychological response is common when thoughts of death are made salient?
Becoming more committed to a cultural worldview
What does the Recovery grief pattern indicate?
Distress levels from high to low
What is the term used to describe the emotional response closely following the death of a loved one?
Grief
What does a gradual loss of the sense of balance in older adults attribute to?
Aging on white matter in brain areas controlling balance
Which memory type is most likely to show a little decline with age?
Procedural memory
Which of the following is associated with false memories in older adults?
Dysfunction in the frontal lobes and hippocampus
What are the benefits of volunteering during retirement?
Reduction in depression and functional limitations
What decline is observed shortly before death?
Terminal decline in cognitive abilities
Which category does clinical death fall under?
Few minutes after the heart stopped pumping
Which resource category helps determine how well a person adjusts to retirement based on health and financial status?
Individual attributes
Which type of housing arrangement allows older adults to stay in their own home?
Aging in place
Which type of memory involves brief storage of sensory information?
Sensory memory
What aspect of sleep do older adults experience as they age?
Waking up more frequently during the night
Which of the following best describes 'Size Constancy'?
Perception that an object retains its size despite changes in retinal image size.
The score on the APGAR scale that indicates an immediate need for lifesaving treatment is:
4 or below
Which developmental assessment tool is specifically designed to assess children from 1 month to 3.5 years?
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
Which substage involves infants actively varying their actions to observe different results?
Tertiary Circular Reactions
In the context of cognitive development, 'Accommodation' refers to:
Adjusting existing schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
At what substage do infants coordinate previously learned schemes to achieve their goals?
Coordination of Secondary Schemes
The APGAR score range indicating a newborn may need assistance to establish breathing is:
5-7
Which assessment includes a yes-or-no checklist measuring intellectual stimulation and support in a child's home?
HOME
Which substage is characterized by infants' ability to use symbols like gestures and words, and engage in pretend play?
Mental Combinations
What concept involves the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory?
Representational Ability
Which reflex is characterized by the extension of legs, arms, and fingers, along with arching the back and drawing back the head?
Moro
During which stage of grief does an individual feel disbelief, confusion, and a sense of helplessness?
Numbness
Which condition is characterized by a person making no effort to seek further information about their diagnosis and carrying on with normal life as much as possible?
Stoic Acceptance
Which pattern of grieving involves great distress immediately following the loss, followed by a rapid recovery?
Normal
Which stage of grief involves an individual feeling full of anger, anxiety, guilt, and frustration?
Yearning
Which of the following is not a primitive reflex in infancy and toddlerhood?
Palmar
What does the Tonic Neck reflex help develop?
Hand-Eye Coordination
Which reflex is performed by a newborn making a strong fist when an object touches their palm?
Palmar
Which of the following describes the Reorganization stage of grief?
Individual takes control again and some sense of hope emerges
Which term refers to a legal document that appoints another person to make decisions if the document maker becomes incompetent?
Durable Power of Attorney
At which age do children typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense?
3 years old
What developmental milestone is expected at 4 years old?
Can categorize objects to identify similarities and differences
At what age do children typically understand the public aspects of emotions?
5 years old
Which type of children are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences?
Easy Children
When do mirror neurons appear and what role do they play?
Infancy, underlie empathy and altruism
Which developmental milestone is associated with 6-year-old children?
Permanent teeth begin to appear
What behavior is described by infants smiling at an object then gazing at an adult while continuing to smile?
Anticipatory Smiling
What characterizes the brain development of a 4-year-old?
Peak of the density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex
What is the defining feature of 'goodness of fit' in child development?
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands
At what age is handedness evident in children?
3 years old
What is a key reason children under 3 struggle with spatial relationships according to the Dual Representation Hypothesis?
Difficulty in maintaining more than one mental representation simultaneously
At what age do children typically begin to use gestures?
7-15 months
According to Piaget, what is a characteristic behavior of children under 18 months regarding Deferred Imitation?
They lack the ability to retain mental representations
Which of the following describes Habituation?
Reduced attention to a stimulus after repeated exposure
What marks the development of true Object Permanence in infants?
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
What typically develops first in infants, according to the Visible and Invisible Imitation theory?
Visible imitation using body parts they can see
When do infants typically start recognizing their name?
Around 5 months
Which aspect of infant development is primarily responsible for the slow emergence of object permanence?
Development of the prefrontal cortex and associated circuitry for working memory
What refers to the use of information gained from one sense to guide another?
Cross-Modal Transfer
What is the tendency for children to apply a word too narrowly, failing to use it to name a relevant event or object?
Underextension
What tends to demoralize children with self-esteem contingent on success?
Failure
Which type of play involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles?
Dramatic play
What is a common behavior among preschoolers that becomes more prevalent in middle childhood?
Sex segregation
Which type of play described by Parten involves children playing beside each other independently?
Parallel play
What is the term for the phenomenon where girls tend to select other girls as playmates and so boys?
Gender segregation
Which type of play involves interaction with peers?
Social play
Which technique involves setting limits and demonstrating logical consequences to encourage desirable behavior?
Inductive techniques
What is critical for children to adjust their responses to meet societal expectations?
Emotional self-regulation
Which type of reinforcement involves a sense of pleasure or accomplishment?
Internal reinforcements
Which type of play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation?
Constructive play
At what age does gray matter volume typically peak in girls?
6-7 years
What balances the loss in density of gray matter with age?
Steady increase in white matter
Which type of play involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, and grappling?
Rough-and-Tumble play
What becomes a significant concern related to body image in early middle childhood, especially for girls?
Eating disorders
At what age do children enter the stage of Concrete Operations, according to Jean Piaget?
7 years
What ability improves based on understanding spatial concepts?
Navigating environments
What cognitive ability involves arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions?
Seriation
What type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions from specific observations about members of a class?
Inductive reasoning
Which of the following statements about symbolic function is not correct?
Symbolic function includes practical knowledge of language use.
At what age range do children typically engage in intuitive thought according to Piaget?
4-7 years
What does the term 'centration' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
Which of the following is related to fast mapping?
Acquiring the approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice.
Piaget's concept of 'irreversibility' refers to:
The failure to understand that an action can go in two or more directions.
What age group is more proficient with language according to the theory of mind?
3-5 years old
Which term describes the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive?
Animism
What is 'private speech' according to Vygotsky?
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.
Which concept involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language?
Syntax
Which of the following is a concept included in the awareness of theory of mind?
Beliefs and intents
What is the primary factor Piaget attributes to the development of Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning in adolescents?
Combination of brain maturation and expanding environmental opportunities
At approximately what age do adolescents typically enter the stage of Formal Operations, according to Piaget?
11 years old
Which concept explains why adolescents assume everyone is thinking about the same thing they are?
Imaginary Audience
What does the Personal Fable belief underlie in adolescent behavior?
Risky and self-destructive behavior
What aspect of the brain's development can help explain adolescents' tendency to seek thrills and novelty?
Underdevelopment of frontal cortical systems
Which educational experience is noted for its influence on both social responsibility and community service?
Service Learning
Which theory explains decision making in adolescents via two parallel cognitive systems?
Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model
Which concept represents adolescents' ability to use symbols to represent other symbols and create hypotheses?
Formal Operations
What influences adolescents’ heightened susceptibility to social reward cues?
Neurobehavioral susceptibility and cognitive control immaturity
Which factor was identified as influencing adolescent satisfaction with school?
Support from teachers and peers
Study Notes
Aging
- Dendritic loss at the neuronal level contributes to the slowing of health in old age
- Physical changes in old age:
- Arthritic changes in joints
- Loss of elasticity in muscles
- Changes in sleep patterns (waking up more frequently, decreased REM sleep)
- Feeling hungry more often, leading to overeating
- Loss of stamina due to changes in the cardiovascular system
- Gradual loss of sense of balance
- Cognitive changes in old age:
- Decline in working memory, especially for tasks that require reorganization or elaboration
- Difficulty with switching attention
- Types of memory:
- Sensory memory: brief storage of sensory information
- Working memory: short-term storage of information being actively processed
- Episodic memory: linked to specific events
- Semantic memory: consists of meanings, facts, and concepts accumulated over a lifetime
- Procedural memory: motor skills and habits that once learned, relatively unaffected by age
Retirement
- Five broad categories of resources that help determine how well a person adjusts to retirement:
- Individual attributes (e.g., health, financial status)
- Pre-retirement job-related variables (e.g., job stress)
- Family-related variables (e.g., marriage quality, dependents)
- Retirement transition-related variables
- Postretirement activities
- Volunteering during retirement:
- Positively associated with good health
- Negatively associated with depression, functional limitations, and mortality
Aging in Place
- Definition: staying in one's own home
- Types of group living arrangements:
- Retirement hotel
- Retirement community
- Shared housing
- ECHO (Elder Cottage Housing Opportunity) Housing
- Congregate housing
- Assisted-living facility
- Foster-care home
- Continuing care retirement community
Death and Bereavement
- Types of death:
- Clinical death: a few minutes after the heart stops pumping
- Brain death: a person no longer has reflexes or any response to vigorous external stimuli, and no electrical activity in the brain
- Social death: when others treat a deceased person like a corpse
- Types of care:
- Hospice care: personal, patient, and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill
- Palliative care: relief of pain and suffering, controlling symptoms, alleviating stress, and maintaining quality of life
- Terminal drop or terminal decline: decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
- Near-death experience: often involving a sense of being out of the body, visions of bright lights, or mystical encounters
Grief and Bereavement
- Grief: emotional response to death
- Bereavement: response to the loss of someone close
- Grief work: working out psychological issues connected with grief
- Patterns of grief:
- Recovery: high to low distress
- Delayed: worsen over time
- Chronic: remains distressful for a long time
- Resilience: low and gradually diminishing
- Dual-Process Model: confrontation and restoration
- Multiple variations of grief:
- Recovery: high to low distress
- Delayed: worsen over time
- Chronic: remains distressful for a long time
- Resilience: low and gradually diminishing
Development of Infants and Toddlers
- Size constancy: recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes
- Shape constancy: an object remains the same shape even though its orientation changes
- APGAR Scale: quick assessment of newborns (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration)
- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: developmental test assessing cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior
- Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME): assessment of intellectual stimulation and support in a child's home
Sensorimotor Stage
- Substages:
- Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 Month)
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Mental Combinations (18 months and up)
- Schemes: actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
- Assimilation, accommodation, organization, and disequilibrium
Early Human Reflexes
- Moro reflex: extends legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, and draws back head
- Darwinian (Grasping) reflex: makes a strong first grasp
- Tonic Neck reflex: Fencer Position (Hand-Eye Coordination)
Stages of Grief
- Numbness (Shock): mourner experiences disbelief, confusion, and helplessness
- Yearning (Awareness): bereaved person tries to recover the lost person
- Disorganization and Despair (Conservation/Withdrawal): acceptance of loss brings depression and despair
- Reorganization (Healing and Renewal): individual takes control again, with some forgetting and a sense of hope### Language Development
- Child-Directed Speech: language spoken with a higher-than-normal pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation, with simple words and sentences.
- Recasting: rephrasing something the child has said that might lack appropriate morphology.
- Expanding: adding information to a child's incomplete sentence.
Early Childhood
- 3 years old: children begin to lose their babyish roundness, brain is approximately 90% of adult weight, and they can jump a distance of 15-24 inches.
- 4 years old: peak of the density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex, more effective control of stopping, starting, and turning, and can jump a distance of 24-33 inches.
- 5 years old: can start, turn, and stop effectively in games, can descend a long stairway, and run hard.
Emotional Development
- Frustration Cry: higher pitch and a more monotonic vocalization is associated with autonomic system activity during stressful procedures in infants.
- Social Smiling: newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents, and smile that occurs in response to external stimulus (2 months).
- Reflexive Smile: a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth.
- Anticipatory Smiling: infants smile at an object then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile.
- Self-Conscious Emotions: arise only after children have developed self-awareness.
Temperament
- Dimensions of Temperament: Activity Level, Biological Rhythmicity, Approach/Withdrawal, Intensity of Reaction, Quality of Mood, Persistence/Attention Span, Distractibility, and Threshold of Responsiveness.
- Easy Children: generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences.
- Difficult Children: more irritable and harder to please.
- Slow-to-Warm-Up Children: mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations.
Cognitive Development
- Understanding the Preference of Mental States: includes Handedness, Left-handedness, Preoperational Thought, and Theory of Mind.
- Preoperational Thought: the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior.
- Symbolic Function: being able to think about something in the absence of sensory or motor cues.
- Intuitive Thought: beginning to use primitive reasoning and wanting to know the answers to all sorts of questions.
Children's Play and Development
- Cognitive Levels of Play: Functional Play, Constructive Play, Dramatic Play, and Formal Games.
- 6 Types of Play by Parten (1932): Unoccupied Behavior, Onlooker Behavior, Solitary Independent Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative or Organized Supplementary Play.
- Reticent Play: combination of Unoccupied and Onlooker categories is often a manifestation of shyness.
Brain Development
- Gray matter volume: peaks 1-2 years earlier in girls than boys.
- Loss in density gray matter: balanced by a steady increase in white matter.
- Motor Skills: continue to improve in middle childhood.
Adolescent Development
- Brain Development: underdevelopment of frontal cortical systems may help explain why adolescents tend to seek thrills and novelty.
- Formal Operations: highest level of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and use symbols to represent other symbols.
- Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: methodical, scientific approach to problem-solving.
- Self-Consciousness: adolescents can think about thinking - their own and others' thoughts.
- Imaginary Audience: a conceptualized "observer" who is concerned with a young person's thoughts and behavior.
Explore the physical changes that occur during aging, including changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and cardiovascular system. Understand how these changes affect the overall health of older adults.
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