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Questions and Answers
Which grief pattern is characterized by elevated initial grief with symptoms worsening over time?
Which grief pattern is characterized by elevated initial grief with symptoms worsening over time?
What is the belief called when individuals think that bad things happen to others but not to themselves?
What is the belief called when individuals think that bad things happen to others but not to themselves?
By what age do children build a partial understanding of the biological nature of death?
By what age do children build a partial understanding of the biological nature of death?
Which theory suggests that common responses to mortality include becoming more committed to a cultural worldview?
Which theory suggests that common responses to mortality include becoming more committed to a cultural worldview?
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Which form of euthanasia involves the deliberate action taken to shorten life?
Which form of euthanasia involves the deliberate action taken to shorten life?
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What characterizes the 'Resolution' phase in Grief Work?
What characterizes the 'Resolution' phase in Grief Work?
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Which model includes 'Confrontation' and 'Restoration' as stages of dealing with grief?
Which model includes 'Confrontation' and 'Restoration' as stages of dealing with grief?
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According to the Terror Management Theory, what psychological response is common when thoughts of death are made salient?
According to the Terror Management Theory, what psychological response is common when thoughts of death are made salient?
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What does the Recovery grief pattern indicate?
What does the Recovery grief pattern indicate?
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What is the term used to describe the emotional response closely following the death of a loved one?
What is the term used to describe the emotional response closely following the death of a loved one?
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What does a gradual loss of the sense of balance in older adults attribute to?
What does a gradual loss of the sense of balance in older adults attribute to?
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Which memory type is most likely to show a little decline with age?
Which memory type is most likely to show a little decline with age?
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Which of the following is associated with false memories in older adults?
Which of the following is associated with false memories in older adults?
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What are the benefits of volunteering during retirement?
What are the benefits of volunteering during retirement?
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What decline is observed shortly before death?
What decline is observed shortly before death?
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Which category does clinical death fall under?
Which category does clinical death fall under?
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Which resource category helps determine how well a person adjusts to retirement based on health and financial status?
Which resource category helps determine how well a person adjusts to retirement based on health and financial status?
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Which type of housing arrangement allows older adults to stay in their own home?
Which type of housing arrangement allows older adults to stay in their own home?
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Which type of memory involves brief storage of sensory information?
Which type of memory involves brief storage of sensory information?
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What aspect of sleep do older adults experience as they age?
What aspect of sleep do older adults experience as they age?
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Which of the following best describes 'Size Constancy'?
Which of the following best describes 'Size Constancy'?
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The score on the APGAR scale that indicates an immediate need for lifesaving treatment is:
The score on the APGAR scale that indicates an immediate need for lifesaving treatment is:
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Which developmental assessment tool is specifically designed to assess children from 1 month to 3.5 years?
Which developmental assessment tool is specifically designed to assess children from 1 month to 3.5 years?
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Which substage involves infants actively varying their actions to observe different results?
Which substage involves infants actively varying their actions to observe different results?
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In the context of cognitive development, 'Accommodation' refers to:
In the context of cognitive development, 'Accommodation' refers to:
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At what substage do infants coordinate previously learned schemes to achieve their goals?
At what substage do infants coordinate previously learned schemes to achieve their goals?
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The APGAR score range indicating a newborn may need assistance to establish breathing is:
The APGAR score range indicating a newborn may need assistance to establish breathing is:
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Which assessment includes a yes-or-no checklist measuring intellectual stimulation and support in a child's home?
Which assessment includes a yes-or-no checklist measuring intellectual stimulation and support in a child's home?
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Which substage is characterized by infants' ability to use symbols like gestures and words, and engage in pretend play?
Which substage is characterized by infants' ability to use symbols like gestures and words, and engage in pretend play?
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What concept involves the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory?
What concept involves the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory?
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Which reflex is characterized by the extension of legs, arms, and fingers, along with arching the back and drawing back the head?
Which reflex is characterized by the extension of legs, arms, and fingers, along with arching the back and drawing back the head?
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During which stage of grief does an individual feel disbelief, confusion, and a sense of helplessness?
During which stage of grief does an individual feel disbelief, confusion, and a sense of helplessness?
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Which condition is characterized by a person making no effort to seek further information about their diagnosis and carrying on with normal life as much as possible?
Which condition is characterized by a person making no effort to seek further information about their diagnosis and carrying on with normal life as much as possible?
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Which pattern of grieving involves great distress immediately following the loss, followed by a rapid recovery?
Which pattern of grieving involves great distress immediately following the loss, followed by a rapid recovery?
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Which stage of grief involves an individual feeling full of anger, anxiety, guilt, and frustration?
Which stage of grief involves an individual feeling full of anger, anxiety, guilt, and frustration?
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Which of the following is not a primitive reflex in infancy and toddlerhood?
Which of the following is not a primitive reflex in infancy and toddlerhood?
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What does the Tonic Neck reflex help develop?
What does the Tonic Neck reflex help develop?
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Which reflex is performed by a newborn making a strong fist when an object touches their palm?
Which reflex is performed by a newborn making a strong fist when an object touches their palm?
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Which of the following describes the Reorganization stage of grief?
Which of the following describes the Reorganization stage of grief?
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Which term refers to a legal document that appoints another person to make decisions if the document maker becomes incompetent?
Which term refers to a legal document that appoints another person to make decisions if the document maker becomes incompetent?
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At which age do children typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense?
At which age do children typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense?
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What developmental milestone is expected at 4 years old?
What developmental milestone is expected at 4 years old?
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At what age do children typically understand the public aspects of emotions?
At what age do children typically understand the public aspects of emotions?
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Which type of children are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences?
Which type of children are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences?
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When do mirror neurons appear and what role do they play?
When do mirror neurons appear and what role do they play?
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Which developmental milestone is associated with 6-year-old children?
Which developmental milestone is associated with 6-year-old children?
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What behavior is described by infants smiling at an object then gazing at an adult while continuing to smile?
What behavior is described by infants smiling at an object then gazing at an adult while continuing to smile?
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What characterizes the brain development of a 4-year-old?
What characterizes the brain development of a 4-year-old?
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What is the defining feature of 'goodness of fit' in child development?
What is the defining feature of 'goodness of fit' in child development?
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At what age is handedness evident in children?
At what age is handedness evident in children?
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What is a key reason children under 3 struggle with spatial relationships according to the Dual Representation Hypothesis?
What is a key reason children under 3 struggle with spatial relationships according to the Dual Representation Hypothesis?
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At what age do children typically begin to use gestures?
At what age do children typically begin to use gestures?
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According to Piaget, what is a characteristic behavior of children under 18 months regarding Deferred Imitation?
According to Piaget, what is a characteristic behavior of children under 18 months regarding Deferred Imitation?
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Which of the following describes Habituation?
Which of the following describes Habituation?
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What marks the development of true Object Permanence in infants?
What marks the development of true Object Permanence in infants?
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What typically develops first in infants, according to the Visible and Invisible Imitation theory?
What typically develops first in infants, according to the Visible and Invisible Imitation theory?
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When do infants typically start recognizing their name?
When do infants typically start recognizing their name?
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Which aspect of infant development is primarily responsible for the slow emergence of object permanence?
Which aspect of infant development is primarily responsible for the slow emergence of object permanence?
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What refers to the use of information gained from one sense to guide another?
What refers to the use of information gained from one sense to guide another?
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What is the tendency for children to apply a word too narrowly, failing to use it to name a relevant event or object?
What is the tendency for children to apply a word too narrowly, failing to use it to name a relevant event or object?
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What tends to demoralize children with self-esteem contingent on success?
What tends to demoralize children with self-esteem contingent on success?
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Which type of play involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles?
Which type of play involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles?
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What is a common behavior among preschoolers that becomes more prevalent in middle childhood?
What is a common behavior among preschoolers that becomes more prevalent in middle childhood?
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Which type of play described by Parten involves children playing beside each other independently?
Which type of play described by Parten involves children playing beside each other independently?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where girls tend to select other girls as playmates and so boys?
What is the term for the phenomenon where girls tend to select other girls as playmates and so boys?
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Which type of play involves interaction with peers?
Which type of play involves interaction with peers?
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Which technique involves setting limits and demonstrating logical consequences to encourage desirable behavior?
Which technique involves setting limits and demonstrating logical consequences to encourage desirable behavior?
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What is critical for children to adjust their responses to meet societal expectations?
What is critical for children to adjust their responses to meet societal expectations?
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Which type of reinforcement involves a sense of pleasure or accomplishment?
Which type of reinforcement involves a sense of pleasure or accomplishment?
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Which type of play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation?
Which type of play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation?
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At what age does gray matter volume typically peak in girls?
At what age does gray matter volume typically peak in girls?
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What balances the loss in density of gray matter with age?
What balances the loss in density of gray matter with age?
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Which type of play involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, and grappling?
Which type of play involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, and grappling?
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What becomes a significant concern related to body image in early middle childhood, especially for girls?
What becomes a significant concern related to body image in early middle childhood, especially for girls?
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At what age do children enter the stage of Concrete Operations, according to Jean Piaget?
At what age do children enter the stage of Concrete Operations, according to Jean Piaget?
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What ability improves based on understanding spatial concepts?
What ability improves based on understanding spatial concepts?
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What cognitive ability involves arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions?
What cognitive ability involves arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions?
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What type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions from specific observations about members of a class?
What type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions from specific observations about members of a class?
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Which of the following statements about symbolic function is not correct?
Which of the following statements about symbolic function is not correct?
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At what age range do children typically engage in intuitive thought according to Piaget?
At what age range do children typically engage in intuitive thought according to Piaget?
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What does the term 'centration' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What does the term 'centration' refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Which of the following is related to fast mapping?
Which of the following is related to fast mapping?
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Piaget's concept of 'irreversibility' refers to:
Piaget's concept of 'irreversibility' refers to:
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What age group is more proficient with language according to the theory of mind?
What age group is more proficient with language according to the theory of mind?
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Which term describes the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive?
Which term describes the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive?
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What is 'private speech' according to Vygotsky?
What is 'private speech' according to Vygotsky?
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Which concept involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language?
Which concept involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language?
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Which of the following is a concept included in the awareness of theory of mind?
Which of the following is a concept included in the awareness of theory of mind?
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What is the primary factor Piaget attributes to the development of Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning in adolescents?
What is the primary factor Piaget attributes to the development of Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning in adolescents?
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At approximately what age do adolescents typically enter the stage of Formal Operations, according to Piaget?
At approximately what age do adolescents typically enter the stage of Formal Operations, according to Piaget?
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Which concept explains why adolescents assume everyone is thinking about the same thing they are?
Which concept explains why adolescents assume everyone is thinking about the same thing they are?
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What does the Personal Fable belief underlie in adolescent behavior?
What does the Personal Fable belief underlie in adolescent behavior?
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What aspect of the brain's development can help explain adolescents' tendency to seek thrills and novelty?
What aspect of the brain's development can help explain adolescents' tendency to seek thrills and novelty?
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Which educational experience is noted for its influence on both social responsibility and community service?
Which educational experience is noted for its influence on both social responsibility and community service?
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Which theory explains decision making in adolescents via two parallel cognitive systems?
Which theory explains decision making in adolescents via two parallel cognitive systems?
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Which concept represents adolescents' ability to use symbols to represent other symbols and create hypotheses?
Which concept represents adolescents' ability to use symbols to represent other symbols and create hypotheses?
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What influences adolescents’ heightened susceptibility to social reward cues?
What influences adolescents’ heightened susceptibility to social reward cues?
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Which factor was identified as influencing adolescent satisfaction with school?
Which factor was identified as influencing adolescent satisfaction with school?
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Study Notes
Aging
- Dendritic loss at the neuronal level contributes to the slowing of health in old age
- Physical changes in old age:
- Arthritic changes in joints
- Loss of elasticity in muscles
- Changes in sleep patterns (waking up more frequently, decreased REM sleep)
- Feeling hungry more often, leading to overeating
- Loss of stamina due to changes in the cardiovascular system
- Gradual loss of sense of balance
- Cognitive changes in old age:
- Decline in working memory, especially for tasks that require reorganization or elaboration
- Difficulty with switching attention
- Types of memory:
- Sensory memory: brief storage of sensory information
- Working memory: short-term storage of information being actively processed
- Episodic memory: linked to specific events
- Semantic memory: consists of meanings, facts, and concepts accumulated over a lifetime
- Procedural memory: motor skills and habits that once learned, relatively unaffected by age
Retirement
- Five broad categories of resources that help determine how well a person adjusts to retirement:
- Individual attributes (e.g., health, financial status)
- Pre-retirement job-related variables (e.g., job stress)
- Family-related variables (e.g., marriage quality, dependents)
- Retirement transition-related variables
- Postretirement activities
- Volunteering during retirement:
- Positively associated with good health
- Negatively associated with depression, functional limitations, and mortality
Aging in Place
- Definition: staying in one's own home
- Types of group living arrangements:
- Retirement hotel
- Retirement community
- Shared housing
- ECHO (Elder Cottage Housing Opportunity) Housing
- Congregate housing
- Assisted-living facility
- Foster-care home
- Continuing care retirement community
Death and Bereavement
- Types of death:
- Clinical death: a few minutes after the heart stops pumping
- Brain death: a person no longer has reflexes or any response to vigorous external stimuli, and no electrical activity in the brain
- Social death: when others treat a deceased person like a corpse
- Types of care:
- Hospice care: personal, patient, and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill
- Palliative care: relief of pain and suffering, controlling symptoms, alleviating stress, and maintaining quality of life
- Terminal drop or terminal decline: decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
- Near-death experience: often involving a sense of being out of the body, visions of bright lights, or mystical encounters
Grief and Bereavement
- Grief: emotional response to death
- Bereavement: response to the loss of someone close
- Grief work: working out psychological issues connected with grief
- Patterns of grief:
- Recovery: high to low distress
- Delayed: worsen over time
- Chronic: remains distressful for a long time
- Resilience: low and gradually diminishing
- Dual-Process Model: confrontation and restoration
- Multiple variations of grief:
- Recovery: high to low distress
- Delayed: worsen over time
- Chronic: remains distressful for a long time
- Resilience: low and gradually diminishing
Development of Infants and Toddlers
- Size constancy: recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes
- Shape constancy: an object remains the same shape even though its orientation changes
- APGAR Scale: quick assessment of newborns (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration)
- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: developmental test assessing cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior
- Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME): assessment of intellectual stimulation and support in a child's home
Sensorimotor Stage
- Substages:
- Use of Reflexes (Birth to 1 Month)
- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of Secondary Schemes (8-12 months)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Mental Combinations (18 months and up)
- Schemes: actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
- Assimilation, accommodation, organization, and disequilibrium
Early Human Reflexes
- Moro reflex: extends legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, and draws back head
- Darwinian (Grasping) reflex: makes a strong first grasp
- Tonic Neck reflex: Fencer Position (Hand-Eye Coordination)
Stages of Grief
- Numbness (Shock): mourner experiences disbelief, confusion, and helplessness
- Yearning (Awareness): bereaved person tries to recover the lost person
- Disorganization and Despair (Conservation/Withdrawal): acceptance of loss brings depression and despair
- Reorganization (Healing and Renewal): individual takes control again, with some forgetting and a sense of hope### Language Development
- Child-Directed Speech: language spoken with a higher-than-normal pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation, with simple words and sentences.
- Recasting: rephrasing something the child has said that might lack appropriate morphology.
- Expanding: adding information to a child's incomplete sentence.
Early Childhood
- 3 years old: children begin to lose their babyish roundness, brain is approximately 90% of adult weight, and they can jump a distance of 15-24 inches.
- 4 years old: peak of the density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex, more effective control of stopping, starting, and turning, and can jump a distance of 24-33 inches.
- 5 years old: can start, turn, and stop effectively in games, can descend a long stairway, and run hard.
Emotional Development
- Frustration Cry: higher pitch and a more monotonic vocalization is associated with autonomic system activity during stressful procedures in infants.
- Social Smiling: newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents, and smile that occurs in response to external stimulus (2 months).
- Reflexive Smile: a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth.
- Anticipatory Smiling: infants smile at an object then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile.
- Self-Conscious Emotions: arise only after children have developed self-awareness.
Temperament
- Dimensions of Temperament: Activity Level, Biological Rhythmicity, Approach/Withdrawal, Intensity of Reaction, Quality of Mood, Persistence/Attention Span, Distractibility, and Threshold of Responsiveness.
- Easy Children: generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences.
- Difficult Children: more irritable and harder to please.
- Slow-to-Warm-Up Children: mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations.
Cognitive Development
- Understanding the Preference of Mental States: includes Handedness, Left-handedness, Preoperational Thought, and Theory of Mind.
- Preoperational Thought: the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior.
- Symbolic Function: being able to think about something in the absence of sensory or motor cues.
- Intuitive Thought: beginning to use primitive reasoning and wanting to know the answers to all sorts of questions.
Children's Play and Development
- Cognitive Levels of Play: Functional Play, Constructive Play, Dramatic Play, and Formal Games.
- 6 Types of Play by Parten (1932): Unoccupied Behavior, Onlooker Behavior, Solitary Independent Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative or Organized Supplementary Play.
- Reticent Play: combination of Unoccupied and Onlooker categories is often a manifestation of shyness.
Brain Development
- Gray matter volume: peaks 1-2 years earlier in girls than boys.
- Loss in density gray matter: balanced by a steady increase in white matter.
- Motor Skills: continue to improve in middle childhood.
Adolescent Development
- Brain Development: underdevelopment of frontal cortical systems may help explain why adolescents tend to seek thrills and novelty.
- Formal Operations: highest level of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and use symbols to represent other symbols.
- Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: methodical, scientific approach to problem-solving.
- Self-Consciousness: adolescents can think about thinking - their own and others' thoughts.
- Imaginary Audience: a conceptualized "observer" who is concerned with a young person's thoughts and behavior.
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Description
Explore the physical changes that occur during aging, including changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and cardiovascular system. Understand how these changes affect the overall health of older adults.
