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Questions and Answers

What are the main components of a computer system that affect user interaction?

Input devices, output devices, virtual reality, physical interaction, paper, memory, and processing.

What are some input devices for text entry?

Keyboards, handwriting recognition, speech recognition, and numeric keypads.

What is the most common text input device?

Keyboards.

Which of the following is NOT a text entry device?

<p>Touchpad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of output devices?

<p>Digital paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction does virtual reality employ?

<p>Special interaction and display devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of physical interaction in computer systems?

<p>Sound, haptic, and bio-sensing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paper is only used as an output device in computer systems.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors that determine the effectiveness of memory in a computer system?

<p>RAM (Random Access Memory) &amp; permanent media, capacity, and access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors that determine the processing speed of a computer system?

<p>Speed of processing and networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of device is the most common for positioning the cursor on a screen?

<p>Mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using a touch-sensitive screen?

<p>Suitable for use in hostile environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the disadvantages of using a touch-sensitive screen?

<p>Difficult to select small regions or perform accurate drawing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light pens are still widely used today.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cursor keys on a keyboard are very fast.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What devices are commonly used for cursor control in phones and TV controls?

<p>Cursor pads or mini-joysticks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using discrete left-right, up-down controls?

<p>Mainly for menu selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resolution refers to the number of pixels on a screen, while color depth represents the number of colors per pixel.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of liquid crystal displays (LCDs)?

<p>They are smaller, lighter, and with no radiation problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are not a type of large display used for meetings and lectures?

<p>Touchscreen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different ways in which physical controls leverage sound, touch, feel, and smell?

<p>Sounds are used for beeps, bongs, clonks, whistles and whirrs to indicate errors and confirm actions. Touch and feel are primarily used in games for vibration and force feedback or in simulation, such as surgical instruments. Texture, smell, and taste are currently limited in their use in computer systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haptic devices provide a physical simulation of touch and feel, commonly used for game controllers and surgical training.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are specialist controls needed for industrial controls and consumer products?

<p>They require dedicated controls suited for specific tasks and environments, ensuring user-friendliness, safety, and efficiency within their intended applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are command-based interfaces?

<p>They rely on text-based commands, typically entered at a prompt, to communicate with the system and perform actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of command-based interfaces?

<p>They are efficient, precise, and fast, allowing for quick and direct control over the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the disadvantages of command-based interfaces?

<p>They require learning a set of commands, and consistency is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is GUI?

<p>Graphical User Interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key elements of a GUI?

<p>Windows, icons, menus, and a pointing device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose behind the invention of windows?

<p>To overcome the physical limitations of computer displays and allow for more information to be viewed and tasks to be performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scroll bars within windows enable the display of more information without needing to resize the window.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple windows can make it easier to navigate between different programs or tasks.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some techniques that help with window management?

<p>Listing, iconizing, and shrinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can users move fluidly between different windows and monitors without getting distracted?

<p>Switch attention efficiently between different windows, respecting the task priorities and using a structured approach to task management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a menu interface style ?

<p>Floating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a flat menu good for?

<p>Displaying a small number of options, particularly when the display area is limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expanding menus allow displaying more options on a single screen than flat menus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cascading menus require greater precision in mouse control compared to flat menus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contextual menus.

<p>To provide access to frequently used commands relevant to the current task or interface element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contextual menus are typically accessed by pressing the Control key in conjunction with clicking on an item, but can also be activated by right-clicking on an item.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are icons considered easier to learn and remember than commands?

<p>They are visual representations, often associated with intuitive imagery, simplifying understanding and recall compared to textual commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key advantages of multimedia interfaces?

<p>They provide better ways of presenting information, enable easier learning, enhance engagement and provide more pleasure, and encourage exploration by users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dashboards are interactive displays used to visualize data and provide real-time updates.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key aspects of designing dashboards?

<p>Presenting slices of data that depict the current state of a system or process, and designing the spatial layout to be intuitive to read at a glance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mobile devices primarily intended for?

<p>Handheld devices intended to be used while on the move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the reasons for the increasing use of mobile devices.

<p>They have become pervasive, used in various aspects of everyday and working life, driven by the growing adoption of mobile apps across diverse domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hit area in the context of mobile interfaces?

<p>The specific area on the mobile screen where the user touches to trigger an action, such as a button or a key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is speech recognition?

<p>A technology that allows a computer to understand and interpret spoken language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is speech recognition commonly used, and for what purpose?

<p>It is often employed for inquiring about specific information, such as flight times, or for performing transactions, such as buying tickets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speech recognition technology solely benefits people with disabilities, aiding them in interacting with computers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of air-based gestures.

<p>They involve using cameras and computer vision to recognize and interpret human body movements, such as arm and hand gestures, in a physical space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are air-based gestures commonly used?

<p>They are often employed in gaming environments, particularly for physical interactions and simulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)?

<p>BCIs establish a communication pathway between brain waves and external devices, enabling control and interaction with the computer system using brain activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do BCIs work?

<p>They detect changes in neural functioning in the brain, translating these neural signals into specific commands that control external devices, such as cursors on a screen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key limitations to interactive performance in computer systems?

<p>Computational bottlenecks, storage channel limitations, graphics processing demands, and network capacity constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Network speed can significantly impact interactive performance, especially when multiple users are sharing resources or accessing printers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interaction Styles

  • Interaction styles are diverse methods of interacting with computers.
  • Various elements of a computer system (input devices, output devices, virtual reality, physical interaction, paper, memory, processing) influence the interaction.
  • Input devices include text entry and pointing methods (e.g., keyboards, handwriting recognition, speech recognition, numeric keypads).
  • Output devices include screens (small and large), digital paper, and virtual reality devices.
  • Physical interaction uses devices like sound, haptic feedback, and bio-sensing.
  • Paper acts as both input and output (printing and scanning).
  • Computer memory includes RAM and permanent storage, affecting capacity and access speed.
  • Processing speed and network capabilities also impact interaction.

Outlines

  • The presentation covers an introduction to interaction styles.
  • Key sections focus on text entry devices, display devices, physical controls/sensors, interaction styles, and a discussion section.

Text Entry Devices

  • Keyboards are the most common text input method.
  • Handwriting recognition and speech recognition are rapidly improving input technologies.
  • Success with speech recognition is often dependent on the user having undergone initial training and limited vocabulary systems.
  • Numeric keypads are used for quick number entry (calculators, telephones, ATMs).

Display Devices

  • Smaller, lighter displays (e.g., LCDs) with no radiation issues are widely used in PDAs, portables, and notebooks.
  • The use of LCDs is expanding to desktop and home TV applications.
  • Larger displays (plasma, video walls, projectors) are utilized for meetings, lectures, and other presentations.

Physical Controls, Sensors, and More

  • Sounds (beeps, clicks, whirring) serve as error indicators and action confirmations.
  • Touch and feeling are important facets of interaction (e.g., vibration, haptic feedback in games, medical simulators).
  • The senses of smell, taste, and texture are less common in current technology.
  • Physical controls like buttons, dials, and joysticks are tailored for different situations (industrial controls and consumer products, etc.).

Interaction Styles (Specific Examples):

  • Command-based interaction: Users type in commands (e.g., abbreviations, 'ls') for the system to respond, listing or performing actions. Efficiency, precision, and speed are prioritized. It relies on consistency in command formats (e.g., using the first letter of the command).
  • Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows can be scrolled, stretched, overlapped, and manipulated with a mouse. Icons represent applications. Menus offer lists of options to be selected.. A pointing device (e.g., mouse) controls the cursor.
  • Windows (specifics): Invented to manage multiple windows, provide scrolling input for wider content and fluid navigation between different windows.
  • Menus (Specifics): Flat menus are effective for displays that show fewer options, especially on smaller devices like iPods. Expanding menus allow more visible options but rely on precise mouse control. Contextual menus appear while holding down a key and clicking on an object to streamline options in the current task.
  • Icons: Icons are perceived as being easier to use than text-based commands. They are easily adapted to be compact and placed anywhere on the screen

Multimedia Interaction

  • Multimedia combines different media (e.g. graphics, text, video, sound, animations) for an interactive experience
  • Users can click on elements for more information, facilitating easier learning and engagement with the material.
  • This interaction style improves understanding and encourages users to explore more.

Other Interaction Styles

  • Dashboards: Show data updates over periods to be visually reviewed, with data slices showing the system's or process' current status. Intuitiveness in spatial layout for easy reading.
  • Mobile Interaction: Handheld devices are ubiquitous. App functionalities like restaurant orders, car rental checks, stock checks, gaming, and educational resources are common. Key concern in mobile interaction has to do with the hit area or button size for ease of use.
  • Speech Interaction: Interfaces that enable speech-to-text communication. Primarily used for getting specific information (e.g., timetable information), performing transactions (e.g., ticket purchase), and accessibility for individuals with disabilities.
  • Air-Based Gestures: Recognizes and tracks body motions using cameras and sensors, enabling hands-free operation for activities like gaming and exercising.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs).

  • Interfaces that enable communication between brain waves and external devices.
  • The user is trained to concentrate on the task to control external devices such as a cursor on a screen.

Performance Limitations

  • Computation-bound: Slow processing leads to user frustration.
  • Storage-channel bound: Bottlenecks during data transfer from storage to memory.
  • Graphics-bound: Updating displays can be slow and effortful, often requiring specialized graphics processors.
  • Network capacity: Slow network speeds can limit interactive performance with interconnected computers sharing resources and data.

Additional Information (General)

  • The presentation highlights the importance of designing interfaces that are tailored to the specific application or activity.
  • User interface design principles like consistency of commands (command-based), intuitive spatial layout (dashboard), and appropriate size of action areas (mobile) are crucial for user experience.

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