Aerospace Gyro Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes a 2 degrees-of-freedom horizontal axis gyro?

  • It can rotate freely around two vertical axes.
  • It is restricted to vertical movements only.
  • It allows rotation around one horizontal axis only.
  • It provides stability in horizontal plane movements. (correct)

What frequency band does a radio altimeter operate within?

  • 4200 KHz to 4400 KHz
  • 1600 KHz to 1660 KHz
  • 1600 GHz to 1660 GHz
  • 4200 MHz to 4400 MHz (correct)

Which statement is NOT true about a directional gyro?

  • It can self-orient around an earth-tied direction.
  • It is incapable of compensating for drift due to earth's rotation. (correct)
  • It is designed to rotate freely around one axis.
  • It consists of components that allow for both horizontal and vertical movements.

What does a TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message ‘CLIMB - CLIMB NOW’ indicate?

<p>Climbing is required after a previous descent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the temperature sensor's recovery factor of 0.95?

<p>It consists of static air temperature plus 95% of the ram rise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which device utilizes a rate gyro?

<p>Artificial horizon (B), Directional gyro indicator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of latitude change on observed drift in a directional gyro?

<p>The drift observed is inversely related to the latitude. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a directional gyro at latitude 30ºS shows a drift rate of 15.5º/h right at latitude 60ºN, what is the observed apparent wander?

<p>5º/h to the left. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material composition is suitable for creating a thermocouple?

<p>Two metal conductors of different nature joined at a single point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key measurement does a ring laser gyro provide?

<p>Rotation about its sensitive axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure probes are needed for dynamic pressure measurement?

<p>Total pressure and static pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a ring laser gyro?

<p>Measuring angular movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a thermocouple?

<p>A junction of two dissimilar metals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a servo-assisted altimeter more accurate than a simple altimeter?

<p>Small movements are detected by a sensitive electro-magnetic pick-off (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following configurations relates to the degrees of freedom of a gyro?

<p>Degrees of freedom does not take rotor spin axis into account. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the TCAS system during flight?

<p>To prevent potential collisions by advising manoeuvres. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a 1 degrees-of-freedom horizontal axis gyro?

<p>Constrained movement limited to one horizontal direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency band corresponds to Super High Frequency (SHF)?

<p>3 GHz to 30 GHz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a temperature sensor with a recovery factor of 0.95 apply the readings?

<p>It adjusts the reading to 95% of actual temperature observed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a correct application of a rate gyro?

<p>Heading indicator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication of a ‘DESCEND’ RA in TCAS?

<p>To lower altitude for safety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of statements about a directional gyro is accurate?

<p>Free around one axis and incapable of self-orientation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an aircraft receives a 'CLIMB' RA with a weak vertical rate?

<p>It may trigger a repeated climb advisory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context is angular movement predominantly measured?

<p>Through a ring laser gyro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heading should be indicated to achieve a successful turn?

<p>330° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is affected by a pitot tube covered by ice?

<p>Airspeed indicator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a radio altimeter defined?

<p>Self-contained on-board aid used to measure true height (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many antennas does a radio altimeter use?

<p>Two antennas for transmission and reception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which frequency band does a radio altimeter operate?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertical speed indicator?

<p>Measure the rate of ascent or descent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a feature of a self-contained radio altimeter?

<p>Requires external input for altitude measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the pitot tube is incorrect?

<p>It is affected by static atmospheric conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the calibrated airspeed when the total temperature increases?

<p>Remains constant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of airspeed does an airspeed indicator primarily display?

<p>Indicated Airspeed (IAS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained inside the capsule of an airspeed indicator?

<p>Total pressure with static pressure outside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inside an aneroid capsule of an altimeter, what is the pressure relationship?

<p>Very low residual pressure outside static pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What minimum warnings does an altitude warning system provide to the crew?

<p>When approaching pre-selected altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of an altitude warning system?

<p>Warning during uniform cruising altitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the altimeter measure using the aneroid capsules?

<p>Altitude based on static pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an airspeed indicator capsule, which pressures interact?

<p>Total pressure inside and dynamic pressure outside (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the total temperature decreases while an aeroplane is in steady cruise maintaining a constant Mach number, what happens to the calibrated airspeed?

<p>Remains constant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a steady descent with constant calibrated airspeed, if the total temperature remains constant, what occurs to the Mach number?

<p>Decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination correctly identifies the functions of an air data computer?

<p>Receives static pressure and total pressure, supplies true airspeed to the inertial unit, determines Mach number and static air temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of airborne instrument is equipped with a gyro that has 1 degree of freedom and a horizontal spin axis?

<p>Directional gyro (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In steady cruise at flight level 290, what variable remains unchanged if the auto-throttle maintains a constant Mach number, despite changes in total temperature?

<p>Calibrated airspeed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect must be considered to determine if the Mach number will increase or decrease during descent with constant calibrated airspeed?

<p>Static air temperature relative to standard temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option does not represent a function of an air data computer?

<p>Determines static air temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the performance of a directional gyro?

<p>It features a horizontal spin axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Degrees of Freedom of a Gyro

The number of independent ways a gyroscope can rotate freely; it doesn't include spin axis.

Directional Gyro

A gyroscope that can self-orient to a specific earth-tied direction.

Directional Gyro Drift Correction

The adjustment for the apparent drift in a directional gyro because of the Earth's rotation.

Dynamic Pressure Measurement

Combining total pressure and static pressure to calculate dynamic pressure.

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Total Pressure

Combined static pressure and dynamic pressure.

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Static Pressure

The pressure of the surrounding air.

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Gyro Drift

The apparent rotational movement of a directional gyro due to external factors.

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Drift rate 15.5º/h

A measure of drift of a directional gyro during flight.

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Pitot Tube Icing

When ice blocks the pitot tube's ram air inlet, disrupting airspeed measurement.

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Radio Altimeter

An onboard instrument that measures the aircraft's vertical distance to the ground.

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Radio Altimeter Function

Measures the true height of the aircraft above the ground.

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Radio Altimeter Components

Uses two antennas: one for transmission and one for reception.

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Radio Altimeter Frequency

Uses the High Frequency (HF) band for radio waves.

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Heading Stop

The point where a compass heading is stopped to achieve a desired direction.

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Desired Heading Stop

The ideal compass reading to achieve a desired direction.

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Compass Heading Stop

The compass reading corresponding to when the desired heading is achieved.

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SHF Frequency Band

Super High Frequency (SHF) is a radio frequency band ranging from 3 to 30 gigahertz (GHz).

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Radio Altimeter Frequency Band

Radio altimeters operate in the 4200 MHz to 4400 MHz frequency band.

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Rate Gyro Use

A rate gyro is primarily used in a turn coordinator instrument.

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Ring Laser Gyro Function

A ring laser gyro measures rotation about its sensitive axis.

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Ring Laser Gyro Purpose

A ring laser gyro is a device that measures angular movements.

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Servo-Assisted Altimeter Accuracy

Servo-assisted altimeters are more accurate than simple altimeters because they use sensitive electro-magnetic pick-offs to detect small capsule movements.

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What is a Rate Gyro?

A rate gyro is a device that measures the rate of rotation or angular velocity of an object about a particular axis.

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What does a Ring Laser Gyro measure?

A ring laser gyro measures angular movements or rotations.

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TCAS RA - "CLIMB NOW" Repeated

A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW" repeated twice is generated after a "DESCEND" RA. It indicates the need for a reversal in the vertical manoeuvre direction.

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TCAS RA - "CLIMB NOW" Single

A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW" repeated once indicates a need to climb, but the climb rate is too slow.

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Temperature Sensor Recovery Factor

The recovery factor of a temperature sensor determines how close the measured temperature is to the actual static air temperature (SAT). A higher recovery factor means a higher percentage of the ram air temperature (RAT) is captured.

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Thermocouple

A thermocouple is a temperature sensor made of two dissimilar metal conductors joined at a single point. This junction produces a voltage that varies proportionally to the temperature.

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Temperature Sensor - Measured Temperature

The temperature measured by a sensor with a recovery factor is equal to the static air temperature plus a portion of the ram air temperature rise.

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TCAS RA - "CLIMB NOW"

A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW" indicates a potential conflict and requires an immediate climb to avoid a collision.

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TCAS RA - "DESCEND"

A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message "DESCEND" indicates a potential conflict and requires an immediate descent to avoid a collision.

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TCAS RA - "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW"

A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) voice message "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW" is used as an immediate climb instruction to avoid a possible collision with another aircraft.

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Airspeed Indicator: What does it show?

An airspeed indicator displays Indicated Airspeed (IAS), which is the speed of the aircraft relative to the surrounding air, as measured by the instrument itself.

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Airspeed Indicator: Inside the Capsule

The airspeed indicator contains a capsule with total pressure inside and static pressure outside.

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Altimeter: Pressure Difference

An altimeter has a capsule with a very low residual pressure inside and static pressure outside.

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Altitude Warning System: Functions

An altitude warning system alerts the crew when approaching the pre-selected altitude, approaching the ground too fast, deviating above or below the pre-selected altitude, experiencing excessive vertical speed, or approaching the ground with the gear retracted.

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Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)

Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is the IAS corrected for installation errors and instrument errors.

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True Airspeed (TAS)

True Airspeed (TAS) is the actual speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass.

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Effect of Temperature on Airspeed

If the total temperature increases, the calibrated airspeed remains constant.

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Static Pressure: What is it?

Static pressure is the pressure of the surrounding air, as opposed to dynamic pressure, which is caused by the movement of the air.

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Mach Number

The ratio of an aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding air.

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Total Air Temperature

The temperature of the air as it is compressed by the aircraft's ram air intake, also known as 'ram air temperature'.

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Air Data Computer (ADC)

An instrument that processes data from pitot-static system to calculate parameters like Mach number, true airspeed, and altitude.

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Static Temperature

The actual temperature of the surrounding air, uninfluenced by the aircraft's speed.

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Steady Descent

A gradual and controlled decrease in altitude at a constant rate.

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Steady Cruise

Flying at a constant altitude and speed.

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Study Notes

Gyro Degrees of Freedom

  • 2 degrees-of-freedom horizontal axis gyro is a type of directional gyro.

Directional Gyro Characteristics

  • A directional gyro is a gyroscope free around two axes.
  • It is capable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction.

Gyro Drift Correction

  • A directional gyro's drift due to Earth's rotation is corrected for a specific latitude.
  • A change in aircraft latitude will cause an additional drift. For example, if a gyro is calibrated for 30°S and the aircraft is at 60°N, the apparent wander due to the aircraft position change is 5°/h to the left.

Dynamic Pressure Measurement Circuit

  • Dynamic pressure is measured using total pressure and static pressure probes.

Heading and Turns

  • To achieve a specific turn, the turn should be stopped at a certain indicated heading, in this example, 330.

Pitot Tube Ice Effects

  • An ice-covered pitot tube blocks ram air, affecting only the airspeed indicator.

Radio Altimeter Function

  • A radio altimeter is a self-contained on-board instrument used to measure aircraft height.

Radio Altimeter Antenna Configuration

  • A radio altimeter uses two antennas; one for transmission and the other for reception.

Radio Altimeter Frequency Band

  • A radio altimeter operates in the Super High Frequency (SHF) band.
  • The specific frequency range is 4200 MHz to 4400 MHz.

Rate Gyro Applications

  • A rate gyro is used in turn coordinators.

Ring Laser Gyro Function

  • A ring laser gyro measures rotation about its sensitive axis.

Servo-Assisted Altimeter Accuracy

  • Servo-assisted altimeters are more accurate because they detect small movements using an electromagnetic pick-off.

TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) Messages

  • A "CLIMB - CLIMB NOW" RA message is given after a "DESCEND" RA when a vertical maneuver reversal is needed.

Temperature Sensor Recovery Factor

  • A temperature sensor with a 0.95 recovery factor measures static air temperature plus 95% of the ram rise.

Thermocouple Construction

  • A thermocouple is made of two different metal conductors joined at a single point.

Aircraft in Steady Cruise at FL290 (Mach Number Constant)

  • If total temperature decreases with a constant Mach number, calibrated airspeed remains constant.

Aircraft in Steady Descent (Calibrated Airspeed Constant)

  • If total temperature remains constant in a steady descent, with constant calibrated airspeed, the Mach number decreases.

Air Data Computer Functions

  • An air data computer receives static and total pressures, determines total temperature and true altitude, calculates Mach number, and outside (static) air temperature.

Airborne Instrument with 1 Degree of Freedom

  • An airborne instrument with a gyro having 1 degree of freedom (horizontal spin axis) is a turn indicator.

Airspeed Indicator Display

  • An airspeed indicator displays calibrated airspeed (CAS).

Airspeed Indicator Capsule Contents

  • An airspeed indicator capsule contains total pressure inside and static pressure outside.

Altimeter Capsule Contents

  • An altimeter capsule contains static pressure inside and a very low residual pressure outside.

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Description

Explore the principles of gyro dynamics in aerospace applications through this quiz. Test your understanding of directional gyros, drift correction, and the effects of external factors like ice on measurements. Perfect for students and professionals in aeronautical engineering.

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