Aerosol Delivery Systems Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily influences the deposition of aerosol products in the respiratory tract for particle sizes greater than 5 micrometers?

Gravitational settling

Diffusion

Elastic recoil of the lungs

Inertial impaction (correct)

Why do larger aerosol particles tend to impact the air wall instead of following the air stream in the respiratory tract?

They possess greater momentum upon release. (correct)

They have a lower density than smaller particles.

They are influenced more by electrostatic forces.

They are more likely to evaporate before deposition.

Which component is crucial for the proper functioning of an aerosol delivery system?

Canister pressure

Particle size uniformity

Liquid viscosity

Valve assembly (correct)

What characterizes aerosol particles that are less than 5 micrometers in size regarding their behavior in the respiratory tract?

They can penetrate deeper into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a direct influence on the efficiency of aerosol drug delivery to the respiratory system?

Ambient humidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of spacers in a valve assembly for metered-dose inhalers?

To allow for efficient propellant evaporation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a characteristic of actuators in valve assemblies?

They can vary in shape and size to control product release. Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of the spacer in a metered-dose inhaler affect the dosage delivery?

It minimizes the initial velocity, allowing better lung deposition. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the additional propellant play in the valve assembly?

It helps in the gassing process at elevated pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs after the valve is crimped into the canister?

Additional propellant is added under pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the valve in the delivery system described?

To regulate the flow of material from the container Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Dalton's Law as it relates to gas mixtures?

Total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases Signup and view all the answers

What material is not commonly used in contemporary aerosol containers due to practical concerns?

Glass Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum pressure that the container is designed to withstand?

140 to 180 psig Signup and view all the answers

In the valve assembly, which component directly attaches the valve to the container?

Ferrule or Mounting Cup Signup and view all the answers

When administering the drug, why is deep inhalation coordinated with the valve operation?

To ensure effective dose delivery Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug form is typically involved in the described delivery system?

Solid dispersion Signup and view all the answers

What role do solvents play in the product concentrate?

They enable the dispersion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mounting gasket in a metered-dose inhaler?

To secure the connection of the dip tube and valve body Signup and view all the answers

Which filling method is typically more common in the manufacture of metered-dose inhalers?

Cold filling at approximately -30°C Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not considered an important parameter in the functionality of a metered-dose inhaler?

Material strength of the dip tube Signup and view all the answers

The dip tube in a metered-dose inhaler is primarily made from which material?

Polyethylene or polypropylene Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using surfactants in a metered-dose inhaler formulation?

To enhance the solubility of the API in the propellant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters directly affects the release and travel of the product through the dip tube?

The viscosity of the propellant Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the pressure filling method in the manufacture of metered-dose inhalers?

A drug/propellant concentrate is produced under pressure conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs)?

They use a liquid propellant to aerosolize the drug. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for improving the delivery of aerosolized medications?

Micronization to achieve particle sizes less than 5 micrometers. Signup and view all the answers

What role do carrier particles play in the formulation of inhalation aerosols?

They prevent the agglomeration of fine particles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the solution in an MDI upon actuation?

It undergoes volume expansion resulting in liquid-gas mixture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding carrier particles like lactose in the formulation?

They increase the particle size without causing issues. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of coordinated patient deep breathing in inhalation therapies?

It minimizes medication adherence issues. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the micronization process used in inhalation aerosols?

It specifically targets sizes above 10 micrometers. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do fine particles have in inhalation therapies if not properly managed?

They cause a reduction in patient deep breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism predominantly influences the deposition of medium-sized aerosol particles?

Gravitational sedimentation Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the release of therapeutic APIs in aerosols?

Valve actuation Signup and view all the answers

Which propellant is commonly used in inhalation aerosols due to its favorable vapor pressure characteristics?

Fluorinated hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Brownian diffusion' refer to in the context of aerosol delivery?

Random movement of small particles in suspension Signup and view all the answers

How does particle size affect the rate of diffusion in inhalation aerosols?

Inversely proportional to particle size Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor for choosing propellants in aerosol systems?

Desired vapor pressure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) in their operation compared to nebulizers?

MDIs release drug in a metered dose when activated Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation aerosol device primarily depends on gravity for effective delivery?

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do inhalation aerosols typically achieve a systemic effect?

Absorption in the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement concerning the components of an aerosol system is true?

Multiple propellants can be utilized to achieve desired outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What role does inertial impaction play in aerosol delivery?

It is a primary mechanism for large particles Signup and view all the answers

What type of aerosol application is targeted specifically for local effects in the mucosal membranes?

Nasal aerosols Signup and view all the answers

What effect does airway branching have on aerosol delivery to the lungs?

It reduces the overall deposition of larger particles Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics are crucial for drugs administered via inhalation aerosols?

Low particle size and adequate stability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aerosol Drug Delivery Systems

Aerosol products contain therapeutic APIs under pressure, released upon valve activation.
Aerosols are colloidal dispersions of liquids or solids in gases.
Aerosol application types include topical, nasal, and inhalation. Inhalation aerosols are most common, delivering drugs to the lungs for systemic effects.

Deposition in the Respiratory Tract

Particle size influences delivery mechanism.
Particles larger than 5 micrometers rely on inertial impaction, impacting airways due to their momentum.
Medium-sized particles (1-5 micrometers) are affected by gravitational sedimentation, settling in lower airways.
Small particles (less than 1 micrometer) are primarily dispersed through Brownian diffusion, diffusing to lower concentrations within the airways, and inversely proportional to particle size.

Components of an Aerosol System

Propellants, like fluorinated hydrocarbons, propane, butane, isobutane, or compressed gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide), supply the necessary pressure to expel material.
Container materials include metal (steel, aluminum), and glass, designed to withstand high pressures (140-180 psig).
Formulation considerations include particle size, drug solubility, and vapor pressure.

Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs)

Drug dissolved or dispersed in a liquid propellant mixture.
Predetermined dose is a spray released via an actuated valve.
A spacer can be used to improve drug deposition in the lower airways.

Breath-Actuated MDIs

Patient's inhalation triggers product delivery.
Minimizes the need for coordinated deep breathing, for improved medication adherence.
The device typically has a priming mechanism and will release the product downwards upon actuation.

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)

Drug delivered as fine particles.
Can be pre-loaded or loaded into capsules/foil blister disks.
Dispensing is propellant-free, excipient-free (or minimal excipients), and breath-actuated.
Patient must achieve necessary inhalation flow rates for proper drug administration, sometimes prone to clogging or reactions with moisture.

Nebulizers

Convert liquids into a fine mist for inhalation.
Jet nebulizers use compressed gas to atomize liquids.
Ultrasonic nebulizers utilize mechanical vibration of a piezoelectric crystal.

Quality Control

Delivery rate, delivered amount, and leakage are monitored.
Uniformity of drug delivery is crucial, measured in years for MDIs and particles.
Size and aerodynamic properties are tracked to measure delivery success.

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Description

This quiz explores the factors influencing aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract, focusing on particle size and behavior. Understand the critical components of aerosol systems and the dynamics of drug delivery efficiency. Test your knowledge of how larger and smaller particles interact within the respiratory system.