Aerobic Respiration Quiz

A chemical process using oxygen to create energy from carbohydrates
Also known as aerobic metabolism, cell respiration, and oxidative metabolism
General Equation: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Chemical Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (as ATP).
Glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide, and oxygen is reduced to produce water.

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Breaks down one glucose molecule (six-carbon sugar) into two pyruvate molecules (three-carbon sugar)
Produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.

Phosphorylation: A phosphate from ATP is added to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate.
Isomerization: Glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged to form fructose-6-phosphate.

Further steps likely detail reactions and by-products
Visual aids might be present to illustrate reactions and steps involved
More information about the different steps and reactions are potentially in these illustrations

Heredity and Variation: Genetics studies how traits are passed down from parents to offspring and the variations that occur within populations.
DNA Structure: DNA is a double helix made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
Genes and Alleles: Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins. Alleles are different versions of a gene.
Genotype and Phenotype: Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to its observable traits.
Mendelian Genetics: Mendelian genetics explains the principles of inheritance, including:
- Dominance: One allele can mask the expression of another.
- Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation.
- Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits assort independently.
Genetic Mutations: Changes in DNA sequences can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering uses techniques like CRISPR to modify organisms' DNA, offering potential for treating diseases and improving crops.

Change Over Time: Evolution describes the changes in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over generations.
Natural Selection: Darwin proposed that organisms with traits that make them better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits.
Adaptation: Adaptations are traits that enhance survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species from existing ones through evolutionary processes.
Fossil Record: Fossils provide evidence of past life forms and document the timeline of evolution.
Common Descent: All living organisms share a common ancestor, suggesting a shared evolutionary history.
Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population, particularly significant in smaller populations.

Organisms and Environments: Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment, including both living and non-living components.
Ecosystems: Ecosystems consist of communities of living organisms (biotic components) interacting with their physical environment (abiotic components).
Trophic Levels: Trophic levels represent feeding relationships within an ecosystem:
- Producers: Autotrophs that produce their own food (plants).
- Primary Consumers: Herbivores that eat producers.
- Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
- Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic matter.
Biomes: Biomes are large geographic areas characterized by distinctive climate, vegetation, and animal life.
Symbiotic Relationships: Interactions between different species that can be:
- Mutualism: Both species benefit.
- Commensalism: One species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
- Parasitism: One species benefits at the expense of the other.
Biodiversity: Refers to the variety of life forms within a habitat or ecosystem.
Conservation: Conservation efforts focus on protecting endangered species and habitats, aiming to preserve biodiversity.

Maintaining Life: Physiology explores the functions and mechanisms that allow living organisms to maintain life.
Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment, despite external changes. Examples include regulating body temperature, pH, and blood sugar levels.
Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions, such as the circulatory system (blood circulation), respiratory system (gas exchange), and digestive system (food breakdown).
Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP) for cellular functions.
Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate a wide range of physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Nervous System: A network of nerves that transmit signals rapidly throughout the body, coordinating responses to stimuli and controlling various bodily functions.

Building Blocks of Life: Cell biology focuses on the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
Cell Theory: States that all living things are made of cells and that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and specialized organelles.
Cell Membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Organelles: Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions:
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Division of somatic cells, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Division of germ cells (cells that give rise to gametes), resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a controlled process that eliminates damaged or unwanted cells, essential for development and maintaining homeostasis.