Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel

<p>Steel is significantly stronger than concrete. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steel has a uniform property regardless of its form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for easy additions like new bays or wings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to absorb energy without breaking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It retains its shape under load. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low temperatures and fatigue loading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bessemer process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrought iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I, T, and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining physical properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1780-1820 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can carry greater loads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marked the beginning of metal as a structural material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their cross-sectional shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to a standard beam. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To standardize steel shape identification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C10 × 30 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bearing Pile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>W section (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the mechanical properties of the steel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An equal leg angle with both legs measuring 6 inches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slope of the line in the elastic region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastic region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance its corrosion resistance and strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot be classified as a C shape due to its dimensions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal leg angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure the structure can be practically erected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal preference of the designer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilizing standard-size members and simple connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling deflections and vibrations to avoid distress to occupants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller floor depths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fabrication methods and shop tolerances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fireproofing needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding both shop and field limitations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced the time for analysis and design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can reduce an engineer's practical understanding of structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding principles helps in interpreting software results correctly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can completely replace the engineer's intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to less practical experience and feeling for the structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignoring fundamental engineering principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Software usage should be supplemented with engineering knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their critical thinking about design parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steel structures are significantly lighter than other materials.

Steel's properties remain consistent regardless of the steel material used.

Steel follows Hooke's Law, meaning its deformation is precisely predictable.

Steel can bend significantly before failing.

Steel combines strength with the ability to bend significantly before failure.

Steel structures can have additional parts (e.g., wings, bays, bridge widenings).

Steel, despite its advantages, has some drawbacks that make other materials like concrete suitable for certain applications.

Steel's high strength results in a lower weight structure.

Steel can lose its ductility and break unexpectedly under stress (especially at stress concentrations), triggered by fatigue or cold temperatures.

Cast iron, primarily from 1777-1820, was a pioneering structural material, used first in arch spans, and later in bridges.

Wrought iron gradually replaced cast iron in the 1840s as a structural material, offering advantages.

The Bessemer process (1855) enabled large-scale and cheaper steel production.

Steel can be rolled into various shapes (I, T, C) that maximize structural strength for their weight.

Structural steel shapes like I-beams, T-beams, and C-channels are economically produced and retain their structural properties after rolling.

Producing steel shapes from 1989 with yield strengths ranging from 24,000 to 100,000 psi.

A measure of a shape's resistance to bending.

Different shapes of steel used in structures, like angles, tees, zees, plates, I-shapes (S and W beams).

Steel shapes made by rolling the metal, commonly used shapes include I-shapes.

Steel shapes with a flange and web, like wide-flange (W) beams and American standard (S) beams.

A standardized way to name steel shapes, using abbreviations (e.g., W, S, HP, C, MC).

A wide-flange steel section, identified by a "W" in its designation.

An American standard steel section, identified by an "S" in its designation.

A specific W-shaped steel section approximately 27 inches deep and weighing 114 lbs per foot.

A specific S-shaped steel section, 12 inches deep and weighing 35 pounds per foot.

Steel containing significant amounts of elements like silicon, nickel, manganese, and copper, which modifies its properties.

The relationship between the applied stress on a material and its resulting deformation (strain).

The range of stress where a material returns to its original shape after the load is removed.

The stress at which a material begins to deform permanently.

A test that measures a material's strength and ductility by applying a pulling force.

A simplified representation of the relationship between stress and strain, neglecting minor variations.

A structural shape with two legs of equal length, forming a right angle.

An equal leg angle with each leg 6 inches long and ½ inch thick.

Steel structures are lighter than comparable structures built with other materials, leading to cost savings in shipping, erection, and foundation.

The use of shallow beams made possible by steel's strength allows for reduced floor depths in buildings, optimizing space and reducing construction costs.

Steel structures often require less fireproofing material due to its strength, leading to potential cost savings.

Structural engineers ensure buildings stand strong against loads and avoid excessive deflections or vibrations that could cause harm or damage.

Structural engineers optimize designs for cost-effectiveness, considering factors like standard-sized members and simple connections.

Engineers understand fabrication methods and adapt designs to the available facilities, ensuring a smooth construction process.

Engineers need to be familiar with industry practices, tolerances, and clearances to ensure practical and economical designs.

Engineers aim for designs that are feasible to build by considering fabrication methods and limitations.

Computers are vital for efficient structural steel analysis and design, handling complex calculations that would be time-consuming manually.

Commercial software packages can perform both structural analysis (calculating forces) and design (choosing appropriate steel sections) for steel structures.

While computers boost productivity, they may limit a young engineer's intuition and understanding of structural behavior through direct experience.

Effective computer use in steel design still relies on solid understanding of engineering principles. It's like needing to know how a car works to fix it.

Computers are powerful tools, but they can't replace fundamental engineering understanding. They are useless without knowing how structures work.

While design software is helpful, inexperienced engineers need to develop a 'feel' for structural behavior through practical experience to understand how structures work.