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Questions and Answers
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
- Symptomatic treatment
- Decontamination
- Clinical stabilization (correct)
- Enhanced elimination
What are the primary objectives in the evaluation stage of suspected poisoning?
What are the primary objectives in the evaluation stage of suspected poisoning?
- Administration of antidote
- Establishment of IV access
- Continuous ECG and pulse oximetry monitoring
- Securing the airway and ensuring cardiopulmonary function (correct)
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
- When there is evidence of inadequate oxygenation (correct)
- If the patient has altered mental status
- Only if the patient is comatose
- For all poisoned patients regardless of symptoms
What should be provided for a poisoned patient with altered mental status and low serum glucose?
What should be provided for a poisoned patient with altered mental status and low serum glucose?
What measures pulse rate and the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
What measures pulse rate and the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What must be considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
What must be considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin?
When is gastric lavage considered contraindicated?
When is gastric lavage considered contraindicated?
What is the purpose of whole bowel irrigation (WBI)?
What is the purpose of whole bowel irrigation (WBI)?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What is the purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the specific lavage fluid used for iron poisoning?
What is the specific lavage fluid used for iron poisoning?
What is multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) useful for?
What is multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) useful for?
What are the contraindications for cathartics?
What are the contraindications for cathartics?
What substances respond well to dialysis?
What substances respond well to dialysis?
What is the purpose of hemoperfusion?
What is the purpose of hemoperfusion?
What is the basis for symptomatic treatment of poisoning?
What is the basis for symptomatic treatment of poisoning?
How are antidotes classified?
How are antidotes classified?
What are examples of clinically useful antidotes?
What are examples of clinically useful antidotes?
What are the factors affecting dialysis effectiveness?
What are the factors affecting dialysis effectiveness?
What does dialysis involve?
What does dialysis involve?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What is the recommended treatment for patients with suspected opiate use?
What is the recommended treatment for patients with suspected opiate use?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
What do toxidromes aid in selecting?
What do toxidromes aid in selecting?
Which toxidrome presents with tachycardia, delirium, and seizures?
Which toxidrome presents with tachycardia, delirium, and seizures?
What is the characteristic clinical sign of sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What is the characteristic clinical sign of sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin?
When is whole bowel irrigation (WBI) valuable?
When is whole bowel irrigation (WBI) valuable?
What is the purpose of acid or base load in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the purpose of acid or base load in poison ingestion treatment?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What is the primary purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the primary purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is ion trapping in poison ingestion treatment?
What is ion trapping in poison ingestion treatment?
When is gastric lavage contraindicated?
When is gastric lavage contraindicated?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What is the purpose of hemoperfusion in treating poisoning?
What is the purpose of hemoperfusion in treating poisoning?
When is gastric lavage considered contraindicated in cases of poisoning?
When is gastric lavage considered contraindicated in cases of poisoning?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of in cases of poisoning?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of in cases of poisoning?
What are examples of substances responding well to dialysis in cases of poisoning?
What are examples of substances responding well to dialysis in cases of poisoning?
What is the characteristic clinical sign associated with sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What is the characteristic clinical sign associated with sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What is the purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the purpose of cathartics in poison ingestion treatment?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What are the primary objectives of the evaluation stage in suspected poisoning?
What are the primary objectives of the evaluation stage in suspected poisoning?
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What should be provided for any poisoned patient with altered mental status if the serum glucose is less than 80 mg/dL or if the glucose level is unknown due to delayed testing?
What should be provided for any poisoned patient with altered mental status if the serum glucose is less than 80 mg/dL or if the glucose level is unknown due to delayed testing?
What must be considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
What must be considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of?
What is the characteristic clinical sign of cholinergic toxidrome?
What is the characteristic clinical sign of cholinergic toxidrome?
Which decontamination method should be avoided in patients with comatose or seizing conditions?
Which decontamination method should be avoided in patients with comatose or seizing conditions?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
What is the primary characteristic of sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What is the primary characteristic of sympathomimetic toxidrome?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What is the primary method used for decontamination to reduce toxin absorption?
What are the clinical signs associated with anticholinergic toxidrome?
What are the clinical signs associated with anticholinergic toxidrome?
Which toxidrome includes hypotension and respiratory depression as primary characteristics?
Which toxidrome includes hypotension and respiratory depression as primary characteristics?
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
What is the first priority in the treatment of a poisoned patient?
What are the primary objectives in the evaluation stage of suspected poisoning?
What are the primary objectives in the evaluation stage of suspected poisoning?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
What is necessary early steps for a poisoned patient who is delirious, stuporous, or comatose?
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
When should oxygen be administered to a poisoned patient?
What should be provided for any poisoned patient with altered mental status if the serum glucose is less than 80 mg/dL or if the glucose level is unknown due to delayed testing?
What should be provided for any poisoned patient with altered mental status if the serum glucose is less than 80 mg/dL or if the glucose level is unknown due to delayed testing?
What measures pulse rate and the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
What measures pulse rate and the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
What is considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
What is considered for possible administration in patients with altered mental status?
What is the primary purpose of hemoperfusion in poisoning treatment?
What is the primary purpose of hemoperfusion in poisoning treatment?
What are examples of substances responding well to dialysis in poisoning cases?
What are examples of substances responding well to dialysis in poisoning cases?
What are the contraindications for cathartics in poisoning treatment?
What are the contraindications for cathartics in poisoning treatment?
What is the primary classification of antidotes based on?
What is the primary classification of antidotes based on?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What are examples of diagnostic clues for poisoning?
What factors affect dialysis effectiveness in poisoning treatment?
What factors affect dialysis effectiveness in poisoning treatment?
What is the primary purpose of symptomatic treatment for poisoning?
What is the primary purpose of symptomatic treatment for poisoning?
What is the primary purpose of antidotes in poisoning treatment?
What is the primary purpose of antidotes in poisoning treatment?
What are the adverse effects of cathartics in poisoning treatment?
What are the adverse effects of cathartics in poisoning treatment?
Which method involves flushing the entire GI tract with polyethylene glycol and an added electrolyte lavage solution?
Which method involves flushing the entire GI tract with polyethylene glycol and an added electrolyte lavage solution?
What is the primary purpose of activated charcoal in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the primary purpose of activated charcoal in poison ingestion treatment?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of in cases of poisoning?
What can alkaline urine enhance the elimination of in cases of poisoning?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the typical dose ratio of activated charcoal to toxin in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the purpose of acid or base load in poison ingestion treatment?
What is the purpose of acid or base load in poison ingestion treatment?
What are cathartics primarily used for in poison ingestion treatment?
What are cathartics primarily used for in poison ingestion treatment?
When is multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) useful in poison ingestion treatment?
When is multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) useful in poison ingestion treatment?
Which toxidrome presents with hypotension, respiratory depression, and meiosis as primary characteristics?
Which toxidrome presents with hypotension, respiratory depression, and meiosis as primary characteristics?
What is the recommended treatment for patients with suspected opiate use?
What is the recommended treatment for patients with suspected opiate use?
What is the characteristic clinical sign associated with anticholinergic toxidrome?
What is the characteristic clinical sign associated with anticholinergic toxidrome?
Which decontamination method can remove around 30% of a toxic substance load within 1 hour of ingestion?
Which decontamination method can remove around 30% of a toxic substance load within 1 hour of ingestion?
What are the primary characteristics of sedative-hypnotic toxidrome?
What are the primary characteristics of sedative-hypnotic toxidrome?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
Which substance may require phenobarbital or dialysis for treating its induced seizures?
Adverse effects of cathartics are dehydration and electrolyte disturbances
Adverse effects of cathartics are dehydration and electrolyte disturbances
Dialysis involves blood circulated through a semi-permeable membrane
Dialysis involves blood circulated through a semi-permeable membrane
Antidotes are specific medicinal interventions effective for all toxins
Antidotes are specific medicinal interventions effective for all toxins
Hemoperfusion involves blood pumped through an external cartridge containing charcoal or adsorbent
Hemoperfusion involves blood pumped through an external cartridge containing charcoal or adsorbent
Examples of substances responding well to dialysis are lithium, methanol, and salicylates
Examples of substances responding well to dialysis are lithium, methanol, and salicylates
Symptomatic treatment for poisoning is based on functional antagonism
Symptomatic treatment for poisoning is based on functional antagonism
Antidotes can be classified into chemical, receptor, dispositional, and functional classes
Antidotes can be classified into chemical, receptor, dispositional, and functional classes
Diagnostic clues for poisoning include colored emesis, stool, urine, nails, and odors associated with specific toxins
Diagnostic clues for poisoning include colored emesis, stool, urine, nails, and odors associated with specific toxins
Increased water retention leads to decreased intestinal pressure and motility
Increased water retention leads to decreased intestinal pressure and motility
Factors affecting dialysis effectiveness include tissue binding, volume of distribution, and molecular weight
Factors affecting dialysis effectiveness include tissue binding, volume of distribution, and molecular weight
Study Notes
Toxicology and Overdose Management
- Naloxone is recommended for patients with suspected opiate use, while thiamine should be given to malnourished patients receiving glucose.
- Benzodiazepines are effective in treating seizures caused by overdose, except for theophylline-induced seizures, which may require phenobarbital or dialysis, and isoniazid overdose, which is usually treated with pyridoxine.
- Medical history in poisoned patients aims to determine the substance, mode, state, quantity, and time of exposure to estimate the patient's mortality risk.
- Physical examination in poisoned patients should focus on respiratory, pulse, blood pressure, CNS, GI, cardiac, and skin abnormalities. Toxic syndromes categorize these parameters and aid in selecting therapeutic steps.
- Toxidromes are clinical signs and symptoms associated with exposure to certain toxicologic classes of chemicals. They can help with selecting therapy and initiating treatment faster, but may not be accurate in cases of multiple drug use or delayed presentation.
- Anticholinergic toxidrome includes tachycardia, delirium, dry skin, urinary retention, seizures, dilated pupils, decreased bowel sounds, coma, raised body temperature, and agitation.
- Sympathomimetic toxidrome presents with delusions, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, and seizures, and is caused by substances like cocaine and amphetamine.
- Opiate toxidrome includes hypotension, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, altered mental status, meiosis, and decreased bowel sounds, and is caused by substances like morphine and heroin.
- Cholinergic toxidrome presents with confusion, agitation, tremors, CNS depression, delirium, coma, seizures, meiosis, tachycardia, and hypertension, and is caused by substances like organophosphate insecticides and carbamate insecticides.
- Sedative-hypnotic toxidrome is characterized by sedation, delirium, loss of CNS function, confusion, coma, and apnea, and is caused by substances like barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
- Decontamination methods include induction of emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation to reduce toxin absorption.
- Emesis induced with syrup of ipecac can remove around 30% of a toxic substance load within 1 hour of ingestion, but should not be given in certain cases, such as with hydrocarbons, corrosives, or in patients with cardiac disease, comatose patients, or those experiencing seizures.
Poison Ingestion Treatment Methods
- Gastric lavage is a method of rinsing the stomach with water or saline solution via a tube inserted through the mouth or nose, and it is effective within 1 hour of ingestion of poison.
- Contraindications for gastric lavage include corrosive ingestion, hydrocarbons, comatose patients, patients experiencing seizures, and those with hemorrhage in the esophagus or stomach.
- Specific lavage fluids include thiosulfate solution for CN, calcium gluconate solution for oxalic acid, and deferioxamine solution for iron.
- Activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent to prevent toxin absorption into the bloodstream, with a typical dose of 10:1 charcoal to toxin ratio or 1 gm/kg b.wt.
- Multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) is useful for overdose of theophylline, phenobarbital, quinine, dapsone, and carbamazepine.
- Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) involves flushing the entire GI tract with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an added electrolyte lavage solution (ELS) to reduce transit time and limit toxin absorption.
- WBI is valuable for sustained-release drugs, foreign bodies, and toxins not removed by charcoal, and it must be employed soon after toxin exposure.
- Acid or base load can change the urinary pH, affecting the charge status of substances in the blood, a technique known as ion trapping.
- Alkaline urine enhances the elimination of acids such as salicylates, phenobarbital, chlorpropamide, and others, while acidic urine can speed up the excretion of basic drugs like tricyclic antidepressants or phencyclidine.
- Cathartics, including laxatives and rapid watery evacuation promoters, can draw water into the gut by establishing an osmotic gradient, and are used for intestinal evacuation.
- Saline cathartics such as magnesium citrate and magnesium sulfate and sorbitol are usually employed for this purpose.
- Each method has specific indications, contraindications, and mechanisms, and should be used according to the specific characteristics of the poisoning and the patient's condition.
Toxicology and Overdose Management
- Naloxone is recommended for patients with suspected opiate use, while thiamine should be given to malnourished patients receiving glucose.
- Benzodiazepines are effective in treating seizures caused by overdose, except for theophylline-induced seizures, which may require phenobarbital or dialysis, and isoniazid overdose, which is usually treated with pyridoxine.
- Medical history in poisoned patients aims to determine the substance, mode, state, quantity, and time of exposure to estimate the patient's mortality risk.
- Physical examination in poisoned patients should focus on respiratory, pulse, blood pressure, CNS, GI, cardiac, and skin abnormalities. Toxic syndromes categorize these parameters and aid in selecting therapeutic steps.
- Toxidromes are clinical signs and symptoms associated with exposure to certain toxicologic classes of chemicals. They can help with selecting therapy and initiating treatment faster, but may not be accurate in cases of multiple drug use or delayed presentation.
- Anticholinergic toxidrome includes tachycardia, delirium, dry skin, urinary retention, seizures, dilated pupils, decreased bowel sounds, coma, raised body temperature, and agitation.
- Sympathomimetic toxidrome presents with delusions, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, and seizures, and is caused by substances like cocaine and amphetamine.
- Opiate toxidrome includes hypotension, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, altered mental status, meiosis, and decreased bowel sounds, and is caused by substances like morphine and heroin.
- Cholinergic toxidrome presents with confusion, agitation, tremors, CNS depression, delirium, coma, seizures, meiosis, tachycardia, and hypertension, and is caused by substances like organophosphate insecticides and carbamate insecticides.
- Sedative-hypnotic toxidrome is characterized by sedation, delirium, loss of CNS function, confusion, coma, and apnea, and is caused by substances like barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
- Decontamination methods include induction of emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation to reduce toxin absorption.
- Emesis induced with syrup of ipecac can remove around 30% of a toxic substance load within 1 hour of ingestion, but should not be given in certain cases, such as with hydrocarbons, corrosives, or in patients with cardiac disease, comatose patients, or those experiencing seizures.
Toxicology and Overdose Management
- Naloxone is recommended for patients with suspected opiate use, while thiamine should be given to malnourished patients receiving glucose.
- Benzodiazepines are effective in treating seizures caused by overdose, except for theophylline-induced seizures, which may require phenobarbital or dialysis, and isoniazid overdose, which is usually treated with pyridoxine.
- Medical history in poisoned patients aims to determine the substance, mode, state, quantity, and time of exposure to estimate the patient's mortality risk.
- Physical examination in poisoned patients should focus on respiratory, pulse, blood pressure, CNS, GI, cardiac, and skin abnormalities. Toxic syndromes categorize these parameters and aid in selecting therapeutic steps.
- Toxidromes are clinical signs and symptoms associated with exposure to certain toxicologic classes of chemicals. They can help with selecting therapy and initiating treatment faster, but may not be accurate in cases of multiple drug use or delayed presentation.
- Anticholinergic toxidrome includes tachycardia, delirium, dry skin, urinary retention, seizures, dilated pupils, decreased bowel sounds, coma, raised body temperature, and agitation.
- Sympathomimetic toxidrome presents with delusions, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, and seizures, and is caused by substances like cocaine and amphetamine.
- Opiate toxidrome includes hypotension, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, altered mental status, meiosis, and decreased bowel sounds, and is caused by substances like morphine and heroin.
- Cholinergic toxidrome presents with confusion, agitation, tremors, CNS depression, delirium, coma, seizures, meiosis, tachycardia, and hypertension, and is caused by substances like organophosphate insecticides and carbamate insecticides.
- Sedative-hypnotic toxidrome is characterized by sedation, delirium, loss of CNS function, confusion, coma, and apnea, and is caused by substances like barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
- Decontamination methods include induction of emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation to reduce toxin absorption.
- Emesis induced with syrup of ipecac can remove around 30% of a toxic substance load within 1 hour of ingestion, but should not be given in certain cases, such as with hydrocarbons, corrosives, or in patients with cardiac disease, comatose patients, or those experiencing seizures.
Toxicology and Antidotes Overview
- Increased water retention leads to increased intestinal pressure and motility
- Adverse effects of cathartics are dehydration and electrolyte disturbances
- Contraindications for cathartics include intestinal obstruction and renal insufficiency
- Dialysis involves blood circulated through a semi-permeable membrane
- Factors affecting dialysis effectiveness include tissue binding, volume of distribution, and molecular weight
- Examples of substances responding well to dialysis are lithium, methanol, and salicylates
- Hemoperfusion involves blood pumped through an external cartridge containing charcoal or adsorbent
- Symptomatic treatment for poisoning is based on functional antagonism
- Antidotes are specific medicinal interventions effective for particular toxins
- Antidotes can be classified into chemical, receptor, dispositional, and functional classes
- Examples of clinically useful antidotes include N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen and naloxone for opiates
- Diagnostic clues for poisoning include colored emesis, stool, urine, nails, and odors associated with specific toxins
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