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Questions and Answers
What pre-requisite is mentioned for understanding classical positivism?
What pre-requisite is mentioned for understanding classical positivism?
Which of the following is NOT a classical positivist mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a classical positivist mentioned in the content?
What is one of the main objectives of the study of classical positivism in law?
What is one of the main objectives of the study of classical positivism in law?
Classical positivism primarily focuses on which of the following aspects of law?
Classical positivism primarily focuses on which of the following aspects of law?
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Which of these statements accurately reflects the diversity of perspectives within the discipline of law?
Which of these statements accurately reflects the diversity of perspectives within the discipline of law?
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What term is used for laws that are considered to closely resemble proper laws?
What term is used for laws that are considered to closely resemble proper laws?
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Which type of law includes non-obligatory rules such as social etiquettes and household rules?
Which type of law includes non-obligatory rules such as social etiquettes and household rules?
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According to Austin, what characterizes laws by metaphor?
According to Austin, what characterizes laws by metaphor?
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What does Austin classify as positive morality?
What does Austin classify as positive morality?
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What is a main characteristic of customary law according to Austin?
What is a main characteristic of customary law according to Austin?
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What principle indicates that treaties should be honored in good faith?
What principle indicates that treaties should be honored in good faith?
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Why might a custom retain its authority in society without being recognized as positive law?
Why might a custom retain its authority in society without being recognized as positive law?
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What role do customs play in Austin's legal framework?
What role do customs play in Austin's legal framework?
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What constitutes a binding order from a sovereign to themselves, according to Bentham?
What constitutes a binding order from a sovereign to themselves, according to Bentham?
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In Bentham's view, what is necessary for a self-imposed limitation of power to be effective?
In Bentham's view, what is necessary for a self-imposed limitation of power to be effective?
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What term does Bentham use for existing laws that a sovereign may adopt?
What term does Bentham use for existing laws that a sovereign may adopt?
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What differentiates 'pre-adoption' from 'susception' in Bentham's interpretation of law?
What differentiates 'pre-adoption' from 'susception' in Bentham's interpretation of law?
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In Bentham's framework, how can a sovereign impose limitations on their power?
In Bentham's framework, how can a sovereign impose limitations on their power?
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What does Bentham suggest about the nature of the rules that constrain a sovereign?
What does Bentham suggest about the nature of the rules that constrain a sovereign?
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What challenge does Bentham recognize regarding a sovereign's self-command?
What challenge does Bentham recognize regarding a sovereign's self-command?
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Which of the following statements best describes a sovereign's adoption of laws?
Which of the following statements best describes a sovereign's adoption of laws?
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Why does Austin believe that customary law is not considered positive law?
Why does Austin believe that customary law is not considered positive law?
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What is the main reason Austin considers the notion of a divided sovereign to be absurd?
What is the main reason Austin considers the notion of a divided sovereign to be absurd?
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According to Austin, how do judicial and executive actions relate to the sovereign?
According to Austin, how do judicial and executive actions relate to the sovereign?
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What does Austin identify as a limitation that may constrain the sovereign?
What does Austin identify as a limitation that may constrain the sovereign?
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What is Austin's view on the relationship between law and community acceptance?
What is Austin's view on the relationship between law and community acceptance?
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What does Austin’s definition of law emphasize as a necessary characteristic?
What does Austin’s definition of law emphasize as a necessary characteristic?
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How does Austin differentiate between positive law and positive morality?
How does Austin differentiate between positive law and positive morality?
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What aspect of law does Austin criticize for oversimplifying its character in society?
What aspect of law does Austin criticize for oversimplifying its character in society?
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What distinguishes facts from norms?
What distinguishes facts from norms?
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Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between legal and moral norms?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between legal and moral norms?
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What is meant by the basic norm (Grundnorm) in Kelsen's theory?
What is meant by the basic norm (Grundnorm) in Kelsen's theory?
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Why is a statement in a statute not considered a norm?
Why is a statement in a statute not considered a norm?
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What statement about legal norms can be inferred from the content?
What statement about legal norms can be inferred from the content?
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Which of the following statements best defines norms?
Which of the following statements best defines norms?
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Which of the following best represents a moral norm?
Which of the following best represents a moral norm?
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How do facts and norms interact according to the provided content?
How do facts and norms interact according to the provided content?
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Study Notes
Classical Positivism: Bentham, Austin & Kelsen
- Classical positivism examines law as a product of statehood, with influential theorists being Jeremy Bentham, John Austin, and Hans Kelsen.
- Objectives include theoretical analysis of law, understanding diverse perspectives in law, and insights into the relationship between law and morality.
Jeremy Bentham
- Bentham proposed that sovereignty can be limited by constitutional rules, which are seen as positive morality, not legal rules.
- He highlighted the absurdity of an individual sovereign claiming binding authority over themselves.
- Sovereign self-command is only effective if constrained by an external force, like a superior court.
- Law can be established through the sovereign’s conception (direct creation) or adoption (validating existing or future laws).
- 'Susception' refers to adopting pre-existing laws, ensuring legal continuity; 'pre-adoption' involves future laws created by others.
- Law is classified into laws by analogy (closer to proper laws) and laws by metaphor (remotely related to proper laws).
John Austin
- Austin distinguished between positive law and positive morality, arguing the latter includes non-obligatory social rules and customs.
- He defined positive law strictly as commands issued by a determinate sovereign; therefore, customary law does not qualify as positive law.
- Customary laws can have practical effects but lack official recognition as they do not originate from a defined sovereign.
- Austin's views on international law considered it as positive morality, derived from collective norms rather than sovereign will.
- According to Austin, the power of the sovereign is unlimited and indivisible; any appearance of divided power among governmental branches fails to acknowledge the true sovereignty.
Hans Kelsen
- Kelsen introduced the concept of the 'Grundnorm' or basic norm, serving as the ultimate source of validity for legal norms.
- Legal norms exist within a hierarchy, validated by other norms, ultimately traced back to the Grundnorm.
- A distinction exists between legal norms (commands) and rules of law (statements of legal will), where the former cannot be classified as true or false.
- Legal norms acquire their meaning as a collective interpretation of various legal provisions and their interrelations.
Key Concepts
- Bentham’s acknowledgment of 'recommendatory mandates' hints at the complexities surrounding sovereign authority and limitations.
- Customary laws, while influential, remain outside the realm of positive law unless recognized by legislative enactment.
- Austin’s insistence on the command of the sovereign simplifies the understanding of law but underplays community acceptance's role in legal obedience.
- Legal norms are contextual and dependent on a structured hierarchy, influencing how laws are interpreted and enforced within society.
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Description
Test your understanding of advanced jurisprudence concepts, focusing on law as an outcome of statehood and classical positivism theories by Bentham, Austin, and Kelsen. This quiz is designed for students of law looking to deepen their knowledge in legal philosophy and theory.
