Advanced Human Nutrition: Carbohydrates

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?

A hydrogen bond

A glycosidic bond (correct)

A hydrophobic bond

A peptide bond

What is the characteristic proportion of atoms in monosaccharides?

CHO

CH2O (correct)

CO2

CH3O

What is the primary function of monosaccharides in the body?

Storing genetic information

Building blocks for proteins

Major source of energy fuel (correct)

Regulating body temperature

What is the general classification of monosaccharides based on their functional groups?

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of the carbohydrates discussed?

C6H12O6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a carbon atom without a chiral center?

Achiral carbon Signup and view all the answers

What determines the classification of a carbohydrate as D or L?

The position of the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of stereoisomers for a particular constitution?

2n, where n is the number of chiral centers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a carbohydrate with five carbon atoms?

Heptose Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a carbohydrate with the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon towards the right side?

Dextrorotatory (D) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the classification of a carbohydrate as an aldo- or keto-?

The type of functional group Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a carbon atom attached to four different substituents?

Chiral carbon Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the signal receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Receiving signals from vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the signal receptor's interaction with vessels in the endoplasmic reticulum?

The endoplasmic reticulum is modified Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of glycosidic bond found in amylopectin?

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the signal receptor and vessels in the endoplasmic reticulum?

The signal receptor receives signals from vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in relation to the signal receptor and vessels?

Cell signaling Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total starch content is amylopectin?

80-85% Signup and view all the answers

What is the branched-chain polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds and occasional α-1,6-glycosidic bonds?

Amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the endoplasmic reticulum after the signal receptor interacts with vessels?

It is modified Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the person consumes a meal containing carbohydrates?

The liver and skeletal muscles store more glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycogen in the body?

Vital for glucose homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?

Liver and skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme involved in debranching glycogen?

Debranching enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that occurs in the mouth when food particles are mixed with salivary amylase?

Digestion of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

Glucose + glucose Signup and view all the answers

What happens when blood sugar levels reach 60 mm?

The person may go into a coma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of glycemic response to carbohydrates?

The increase of blood glucose level over the baseline level during a 2 hr period Signup and view all the answers

What amount of glucose is used to induce a glycemic response?

50g of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the glycemic response measurement?

2 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is being measured in the glycemic response?

Blood glucose level Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the measure of glycemic response?

Glycemic Index Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Monosaccharides

Formed through a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, resulting in a glycosidic bond
Have the general formula C6H12O6
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with a proportion of atoms equal to CH2O
Major source of energy fuel

Structural Features

Carbon atom attached to the same substituents and lacks a chiral center is called an achiral carbon
D-Glucose has a specific structural feature, with OH groups and chiral centers
Stereoisomers: D-aldohexoses and L-aldohexoses, with different orientations of the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon

Polysaccharides

Amylopectin: a branched polymer of glucose units linked primarily by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, with occasional α-1,6-glycosidic bonds responsible for branching
Accounts for 80-85% of total starch content
Glycogen: a branched polymer of glucose units, highly branched and similar to amylopectin in structure
Found in animal tissues, primarily stored in liver and skeletal muscles
Vital for glucose homeostasis

Digestion

Begins in the mouth with the addition of salivary amylase to food particles
Involves debranching enzymes to break down starch
Results in glucose release into the bloodstream

Glycemic Response

Glycemic Index: measures the increase in blood glucose level over a 2-hour period after consuming 50g of glucose

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, including their structure, function, and role as a major source of energy fuel.