Questions and Answers
What is the primary subject of the book?
Advanced Electronic Communications Systems
Which of the following is included in the table of contents?
Match the following chapters with their page numbers:
Optical Fiber Transmission Media = 1 Digital Modulation = 49 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking = 111 Cellular Telephone Concepts = 469
The book contains a chapter on Satellite Communications.
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The ISBN for the third edition of the book is ______.
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Who is the author of the book?
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Who built the first optical maser?
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What was a significant breakthrough in fiber optics developed in 1970?
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Which organization published the Synchronous Optical Network standards in 1988?
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How much optical fiber loss was achieved by the late 1980s?
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What factors make lasers suited for high-capacity communications systems?
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What phenomenon causes rainbows to occur as sunlight passes through water droplets?
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What is the refractive index of a material a ratio of?
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Which color wavelength of light is refracted the least when passing into a denser material?
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In what scenario does the phenomenon of refraction occur?
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Which of the following statements about refractive index is TRUE?
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Study Notes
General Information
- Book Title: Advanced Electronic Communications Systems
- Author: Wayne Tomasi
- Sixth Edition
- ISBN: 978-1-29202-735-7
- Publisher: Pearson Education Limited, 2014
- Printed in the United States of America
Table of Contents Overview
- Optical Fiber Transmission Media: Introduction to optic communications and fiber configurations.
- Digital Modulation: Techniques and principles behind digital signal modulation.
- Data Communications and Networking: Basics of data exchange and network architecture.
- Fundamental Concepts: Key principles of data communication.
- Data-Link Protocols: Protocols and network types for data communication.
- Digital Transmission: Methods of transmitting digital signals.
- Digital T-Carriers and Multiplexing: Infrastructure for digital communications.
- Telephone Instruments and Signals: Overview of telephonic systems and signal types.
- The Telephone Circuit: Anatomy and functioning of telephone circuits.
- The Public Telephone Network: Structure and operation of public telephony.
- Cellular Telephone Concepts: Understanding the principles behind cellular technology.
- Cellular Telephone Systems: Detailed examination of cellular networks.
- Microwave Radio Communications: Exploration of microwave technology in communications.
- Satellite Communications: Insights into satellite systems and their communication capabilities.
Chapter Highlights for Optical Fiber Transmission Media
- Introduction: Defines optical communications and its significance in modern technology.
- History: Trace the evolution of optical fibers and the development of communication methods.
- Comparison with Metallic Cables: Analyze the pros and cons of optical fiber over traditional metallic cables.
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Understanding spectrum concepts relevant to optical communications.
- Optical Fiber Types: Different classifications and configurations of optical fibers.
- Light Propagation: Mechanisms of light traveling through optical fibers, essential for effective communication.
- Losses in Optical Fiber Cables: Factors affecting signal integrity in fiber cables.
- Light Sources: Overview of light sources used in fiber communications, including LEDs and lasers.
- Light Detectors: Devices that detect and convert optical signals back to electrical signals.
- Optical Fiber System Link Budget: Calculating the performance and efficiency of fiber communication systems.
Invention of Laser Technology
- Townes and Schawlow proposed the concept of stimulated emission for amplifying light waves in a 1958 paper.
- Theodore H. Maiman built the first optical maser (laser) in 1960.
- Laser stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."
- Lasers have high output power, high frequency, and can carry wide bandwidth signals, making them ideal for communications.
Advancements in Fiber-Optic Communication
- K.C. Kao and G.A. Bockham proposed cladded fiber cables for communication in 1967.
- Early fiber cables in the 1960s had high losses (over 1000 dB/km), limiting transmission distances.
- A breakthrough in 1970 by Kapron, Keck, and Maurer led to optical fibers with losses under 2 dB/km.
- By the late 1970s and early 1980s, optical cables improved, along with the development of affordable light sources and detectors.
Optical Fiber Performance Records
- By the late 1980s, optical fiber losses decreased to 0.16 dB/km.
- NEC Corporation achieved a long-haul transmission record in 1988 of 10 gigabytes per second over 80.1 kilometers.
Refraction of Light
- Light refracts when passing between materials of differing densities.
- Violet wavelengths refract more than red wavelengths, creating prismatic effects, such as rainbows.
- Refraction depends on the refractive indices of the materials involved.
Refractive Index
- Defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium (n = c / v).
- The refractive index is unitless and varies minimally with frequency in many applications.
Power Loss in Optical Fibers
- Power loss (attenuation) in optical fibers affects system bandwidth, transmission rate, and overall capacity.
- Key types of attenuation losses include absorption, scattering, chromatic dispersion, radiation losses, modal dispersion, and coupling losses.
Absorption Losses
- Occur due to impurity absorption of light in fiber glass, converting it to heat.
- Ultrapure glass (approx. 99.9999% pure) still experiences losses between 1 dB/km and 1000 dB/km.
- Contributing factors include ultraviolet, infrared, and ion resonance absorption.
Alignment and Misalignment Losses
- Lateral, gap, and angular misalignments during fiber connection can cause significant losses.
- Lateral displacement between fibers can result in losses from tenths to several decibels.
- Gap displacement occurs when fibers are misaligned at their ends, leading to greater light loss.
- Angular displacement under 2° usually leads to minimal losses (<0.5 dB).
- Proper surface polishing of fiber ends is crucial to minimize losses, as imperfections may lead to increased attenuation.
Light Sources in Optical Fibers
- The human eye detects a narrow range of light frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Test your knowledge on advanced concepts in electronic communications systems as discussed by Wayne Tomasi. This quiz will cover a range of topics integral to understanding modern communication technologies. Whether you're a student or a professional, enhance your learning with this comprehensive assessment.
