Advanced Computing Paradigms

Serial computing involves processing instructions one after another, using a single processor. An example of a task suitable for this is calculating the sum of a list of numbers, where each number is added to the previous result sequentially.

In serial computing, a problem is broken down into steps, which are then executed sequentially by a single processor. Parallel computing, on the other hand, divides a problem into smaller tasks that can be solved concurrently by multiple processors.

Parallel computing can significantly reduce the time needed to complete complex tasks by dividing the workload and allowing multiple processors to work simultaneously.

<p>Complex simulations, such as weather forecasting or molecular modeling, require immense computational power and can be significantly accelerated by utilizing parallel computing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel computing enhances fault tolerance by allowing the system to continue operating even if one or more processors fail. Additionally, it facilitates load sharing, distributing tasks across multiple processors to prevent any single processor from becoming overloaded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Load sharing involves distributing tasks across multiple processors in a parallel computing system. By balancing the workload, this approach prevents any single processor from becoming overwhelmed and ensures efficient utilization of computing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel computing systems can easily accommodate additional processors and resources as the workload increases. This scalability allows for handling ever-larger and more complex problems simply by adding computing power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The need for complex software and hardware configurations for distributed processing and the requirement for efficient communication protocols between multiple processors contribute to the increased complexity of parallel computing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grid computing utilizes a distributed network of computers, often owned by different individuals or organizations, to form a single powerful system. This allows for the sharing of resources, such as processing power, storage, and data, and enables the solution of large-scale problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel processing in cluster computing involves dividing a task into smaller, independent parts that are executed simultaneously on multiple computers (nodes) within the cluster. This allows for faster computation and improved performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster computing can offer high availability and scalability for e-commerce. High availability ensures that the system remains operational even if one node fails, preventing service disruptions. Scalability allows for the addition of more nodes as the demand for online transactions increases, ensuring efficient performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fault tolerance in cluster computing refers to the ability of the system to continue operating even if one or more nodes fail. This is achieved by distributing tasks across multiple nodes, ensuring that the loss of a single node does not result in a complete system failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text mentions three main types of grids: knowledge grid, data grid, and computational grid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grid computing faces challenges in terms of processing speed, which can be affected by the speed of interconnections between nodes, and licensing issues, as different servers may have varying software licenses that can hinder application compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The price performance ratio in cluster computing refers to the cost-effectiveness of using multiple interconnected computers to achieve a desired level of processing power. It implies that the computational power provided by a cluster is relatively inexpensive compared to using a single, high-performance machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text states that Linux operating system is widely used for cluster computers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beowulf clusters face programmability issues due to connecting computers with potentially different software and configurations. These issues can complicate development and deployment of applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three primary service models in cloud computing are SaaS (Software as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adobe, Microsoft, Facebook</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying a faulty component in a cluster can be difficult because of complex interconnections between multiple machines and the dispersed nature of the system. Additionally, the distributed workload can make it challenging to isolate the source of the problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cloud computing allows companies to utilize resources on an as-needed basis, shifting capital expenditure towards operational expenditure. This flexibility enables them to scale up or down their computing capacity based on demand, reducing costs compared to owning and maintaining their own infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PaaS providers offer the platforms to develop, build, and test applications over the internet. They usually provide tools and services for software development, deployment, and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amazon Web Services, Joyent, AT&amp;T, GoGrid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'cloud computing' is metaphorical, referring to the abstraction of resources as seemingly being located in a remote, ubiquitous 'cloud' like the ones in the sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In EC, algorithms mimic natural evolution by iteratively improving solutions through a process similar to natural selection. The fittest solutions, those that perform best on a given task, 'survive' and are used to generate even better solutions, while weaker solutions are discarded, much like how organisms with better traits pass on their genes in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foraging behavior of ants has led to the development of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms. These algorithms mimic how ants collectively find the shortest path between their nest and a food source, using pheromone trails to communicate and optimize their routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fuzzy logic allows reasoning with uncertain facts and degrees of certainty, making it well-suited for handling situations where precise data is unavailable. In traffic signal control, fuzzy systems can adapt to changing traffic conditions (e.g., varying density, different types of vehicles) and adjust signal timings for smoother flow, even with imperfect information about real-time traffic patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biometric systems rely on identifying distinctive patterns unique to individuals. These patterns can be facial features, fingerprints, iris patterns, etc. Pattern recognition algorithms analyze and compare these patterns to verify identities or authorize access, making biometric security systems highly reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) focuses on converting spoken language into text, while Optical Character Recognition (OCR) focuses on converting images of printed or handwritten text into digital text. ASR deals with acoustic signals, while OCR deals with visual patterns of characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Robotics: Robots use Computational Intelligence for tasks like navigation, object recognition, and motion planning.</li> <li>Bioinformatics: Computational Intelligence assists in analyzing large biological datasets to identify patterns and make discoveries in genomics, proteomics, and drug discovery.</li> <li>Natural Language Processing: Computational Intelligence enables chatbots, machine translation, and text summarization by enabling computers to understand and interact with human language.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computational Intelligence techniques, such as machine learning and pattern recognition, can enhance GIS by analyzing spatial data to identify trends, predict future scenarios, and automate tasks like map generation and analysis. This can improve the efficiency and accuracy of GIS applications for planning, resource management, and environmental monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computational Intelligence offers a unique approach to problem-solving by mimicking biological systems and adapting to changing conditions. Unlike rigid, rule-based methods, CI systems can learn from data, handle uncertainty, and evolve solutions over time, making them well-suited for tackling complex problems in domains like healthcare, finance, and environmental science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computer vision aims to enable computers to understand and interpret the physical world through visual media, such as images and videos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two sub-domains of computer vision include <strong>Object Recognition</strong>, which involves identifying and categorizing objects within an image, and <strong>Scene Reconstruction</strong>, which focuses on creating a 3D representation of a scene from images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal of NLP is to develop systems that allow computers to communicate and interact with humans using natural language, such as English or Malayalam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main components of NLP systems are: 1. <strong>Natural Language Understanding (NLU)</strong>, which focuses on interpreting and reasoning about natural language input, and 2. <strong>Natural Language Generation (NLG)</strong>, which deals with producing natural language output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ASR systems are designed to convert spoken language into written text, allowing computers to understand and process human speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One real-world example of an application that utilizes ASR is <strong>Siri, the virtual assistant found on Apple iOS devices</strong>. Siri uses ASR to understand and respond to spoken commands and questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OCR is a technology that converts scanned images of printed text into computer-readable format. HCR differs by specifically focusing on recognizing handwritten text, presenting a more challenging task due to the variability in handwriting styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'On-line' HCR involves capturing data during the writing process, using a special pen and electronic surface. This approach allows for dynamic analysis of pen strokes and writing patterns, enhancing recognition accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Off-line data acquisition involves collecting data after the process is complete, like recording handwritten text and then using a program like Google Handwriting Input to convert it to digital text. On-line data acquisition involves collecting data in real-time, like a sensor measuring temperature and updating a display immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GIS can help improve information management by organizing and visualizing data related to city infrastructure, population distribution, and land use. It also facilitates 'what-if' scenarios, allowing planners to assess the impact of different development proposals before implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioinformatics aims to organize biological data, develop analysis tools, and use these tools to interpret results. These objectives facilitate the identification of potential drug targets, understanding their mechanisms, and designing new drugs based on genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GIS is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying data related to locations on Earth's surface. Examples include soil mapping for agricultural planning and water resource management for drought mitigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object without direct contact, typically using sensors on satellites or aircraft. This contrasts with traditional methods that require physical presence or interaction with the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'What-if' scenarios in GIS allow planners to simulate different development proposals and assess their potential impact on the city. For instance, planners could use GIS to examine the impact of building a new highway on traffic flow and air pollution levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GIS is used in agricultural mapping to visualize soil types, crop yields, and irrigation systems. It supports precision agriculture planning by optimizing fertilizer application and pest control measures based on location-specific data. GIS also assists in assessing the impact of agricultural practices on water resources and soil erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GIS can improve information management by mapping affected areas, infrastructure damage, and population distribution. This helps emergency responders allocate resources effectively and prioritize rescue efforts. GIS also facilitates 'what-if' scenarios to evaluate potential disaster impacts and guide preparedness efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers