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Questions and Answers
What type of intermolecular forces is strongest?
What type of intermolecular forces is strongest?
- Hydrogen bonding (correct)
- Van der Waals forces
- London dispersion forces
- Dipole-dipole forces
What is ionization energy?
What is ionization energy?
Energy required to remove the outermost electron from an atom
What observation is most likely if gas A has twice the mass of gas B?
What observation is most likely if gas A has twice the mass of gas B?
You will smell gas B before you smell gas A
The three important allotropic forms of phosphorus are red, white, _______?
The three important allotropic forms of phosphorus are red, white, _______?
What two elements are most alike in reactivity?
What two elements are most alike in reactivity?
What form of radiation is composed of electrons traveling at 16,000 km/sec?
What form of radiation is composed of electrons traveling at 16,000 km/sec?
Beta radiation will travel at what speed?
Beta radiation will travel at what speed?
What has the greatest atomic mass?
What has the greatest atomic mass?
What compound has a nonpolar bond?
What compound has a nonpolar bond?
In the solid state, you would expect a nonmetal to be?
In the solid state, you would expect a nonmetal to be?
What is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen?
What is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen?
What is the product of the combustion of hydrocarbons in excess oxygen?
What is the product of the combustion of hydrocarbons in excess oxygen?
On the periodic table, where are atoms with the largest atomic radius located?
On the periodic table, where are atoms with the largest atomic radius located?
How many electrons are in a neutral atom of neon?
How many electrons are in a neutral atom of neon?
What is the charge of a gamma ray?
What is the charge of a gamma ray?
What intermolecular force might represent between atoms of a noble gas?
What intermolecular force might represent between atoms of a noble gas?
Why does fluorine have a higher ionization energy than oxygen?
Why does fluorine have a higher ionization energy than oxygen?
What element is a liquid at room temperature?
What element is a liquid at room temperature?
On the periodic table, what does 12.01 represent in the box for carbon?
On the periodic table, what does 12.01 represent in the box for carbon?
What element has the lowest melting point and boiling point of all?
What element has the lowest melting point and boiling point of all?
What is an organic compound?
What is an organic compound?
What element might you encounter in nature in its pure form?
What element might you encounter in nature in its pure form?
If a neutral sodium atom has one electron removed, what is the result?
If a neutral sodium atom has one electron removed, what is the result?
If you leave a metal rate outside and it rusts, what reaction has taken place?
If you leave a metal rate outside and it rusts, what reaction has taken place?
What metal would you expect to have a high melting point?
What metal would you expect to have a high melting point?
How do organic reactions compare to inorganic reactions?
How do organic reactions compare to inorganic reactions?
What element would you expect to be least reactive?
What element would you expect to be least reactive?
What intermolecular force would have the lowest boiling point?
What intermolecular force would have the lowest boiling point?
What two halogens are gases at room temperature?
What two halogens are gases at room temperature?
What process has the greatest overall effect on solubility?
What process has the greatest overall effect on solubility?
What substance would be the best conductor of electricity?
What substance would be the best conductor of electricity?
Why is salt often used on icy roads?
Why is salt often used on icy roads?
What substance allows for the fastest diffusion?
What substance allows for the fastest diffusion?
What is the name for the reactant that is entirely consumed by the reaction?
What is the name for the reactant that is entirely consumed by the reaction?
Limiting reactant controls the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction?
Limiting reactant controls the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction?
What is the reducing agent?
What is the reducing agent?
What is a reagent?
What is a reagent?
What is the SI unit of energy?
What is the SI unit of energy?
What is the name of the device that separates gases by their mass to charge ratio?
What is the name of the device that separates gases by their mass to charge ratio?
What material has the smallest specific heat?
What material has the smallest specific heat?
What gas diffuses the fastest?
What gas diffuses the fastest?
What element is not involved in many hydrogen bonds?
What element is not involved in many hydrogen bonds?
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Study Notes
Intermolecular Forces and Bonds
- Strongest Intermolecular Force: Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force.
- Noble Gas Interaction: London dispersion forces represent the intermolecular force between noble gas atoms.
- Boiling Point Influences: London dispersion force generally results in lower boiling points compared to other forces.
Atomic Structure and Properties
- Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the outermost electron from an atom; fluorine has a higher ionization energy than oxygen due to a larger nuclear charge.
- Atomic Mass: Gold (Au) has the greatest atomic mass among elements.
- Atomic Radius: Largest atomic radius is located at the bottom of each periodic group.
- Electrons in Neon: A neutral atom of neon contains 10 electrons.
- Charge of Gamma Rays: Gamma rays have no charge.
Chemical Properties and Reactions
- Combustion Products: The combustion of hydrocarbons in excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.
- Oxidation Reduction Reaction: Rusting of a metal outside involves oxidation-reduction.
- Limiting Reactant: The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, controlling the amount of product formed.
- Reducing Agent: A reducing agent decreases the amount of another substance by losing electrons.
Elemental Characteristics
- Reactivity: Barium (Ba) and magnesium (Mg) are most alike in reactivity.
- Liquid Elements: Mercury (Hg) and bromine (Br) are the only elements that are liquids at room temperature.
- Least Reactive Element: Xenon (Xe) is expected to be the least reactive element.
- Organic Compounds: Methane (CH4) is an example of an organic compound.
- Pure Element in Nature: Gold (Au) can be encountered in its pure form in nature.
States of Matter
- Nonmetals in Solid State: Nonmetals are expected to be brittle in their solid state.
- Fastest Diffusion: Gases diffuse faster than liquids and solids.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- Highest Conductivity: Silver is the best conductor of electricity.
- Freezing Point Depression: Salt lowers the freezing point of water, making it useful on icy roads.
- Mass Spectrometer Function: A mass spectrometer separates gases by their mass-to-charge ratio.
Physical Properties
- Melting Points: Iron has a high melting point, while helium has the lowest melting and boiling points of all elements.
- Specific Heat: Aluminum has the smallest specific heat capacity among materials.
General Knowledge
- SI Unit of Energy: The Joule is the standard unit for measuring energy.
- Fastest Diffusing Gas: Hydrogen gas (H2) diffuses the fastest among gases.
Allotropes and Compounds
- Allotropic Forms of Phosphorus: The three significant allotropes include red, white, and black phosphorus.
- Nonpolar Compound: Chlorine gas (Cl2) features a nonpolar bond.
Additional Key Facts
- Triatomic Allotrope of Oxygen: Ozone is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen.
- Hydrogen Bonding: Carbon is not significantly involved in hydrogen bonds.
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