41 Questions
Which aspect of adrenergic drugs is emphasized in the context of observed cardiovascular effects?
Reflex homeostatic adjustments
What is the main emphasis when describing the adverse effects of adrenergic drugs?
Understanding the adverse effects
Which drug is used for the treatment of urge incontinence due to overactive bladder?
Mirabegron
Which drug is a selective ß2 agonist used as a tocolytic agent to suppress premature labor?
Terbutaline
Which drug is classified as a nasal decongestant among the adrenergic drugs?
Ephedrine
Which drug is a cardiac stimulant and also serves as a bronchodilator among the adrenergic drugs?
Isoproterenol
Which receptors does epinephrine act on to produce various cardiovascular effects?
α1, α2, ß1, and ß2
What occurs during Dale's vasomotor reversal?
Unmasking of ß2 receptors due to α1 receptor blockage
What are the predominant effects of epinephrine at low concentrations?
Predominantly ß1 and ß2 effects
What are the metabolic effects of epinephrine?
Hyperglycemia and smooth muscle relaxation
What is the therapeutic use of epinephrine?
Treating bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock
Which enzyme rapidly inactivates catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine?
MAO & COMT
What type of adrenergic drugs are rapidly inactivated by MAO & COMT?
Catecholamines
Which receptors are unmasked during Dale's vasomotor reversal?
ß2 receptors
What causes vasoconstriction at high doses of epinephrine?
α1 effects
What is the onset and duration of action of orally inactive epinephrine?
Rapid onset but brief duration of action
What are the cardiovascular effects of epinephrine at low doses?
Vasodilatation
Which drug is used in open-angle glaucoma to decrease intraocular tension?
Clonidine
Which drug is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic that is used as a CNS stimulant in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy?
Amphetamine
Which drug is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used as an antihypertensive drug?
Methyldopa
Which drug is a local anesthetic and CNS stimulant that blocks the uptake of NE in adrenergic neurons?
Cocaine
Which drug is a mixed-acting sympathomimetic used for bronchodilation and nasal congestion?
Ephedrine
Which drug is an α2-selective agonist used for hypertension with adverse effects including sedation, bradycardia, sexual dysfunction, rebound hypertension, xerostomia, and constipation?
Clonidine
Which drug releases stored catecholamines from nerve terminals and is found in fermented foods but is not clinically used?
Tyramine
Which drug increases the release of monoamines in the CNS and peripherally, with prominent CNS stimulatory action?
Amphetamine
Which drug is a spasmolytic for spinal cord spasticity?
Tizanidine
Which drug is used for bronchodilation and suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory system with selective ß2 action?
Albuterol
Which drug is an α2 agonist used for hypertension in pregnancy?
Methyldopa
Which drug is used as a nasal decongestant?
Oxymetazoline
Which receptor does norepinephrine activate that leads to vasoconstriction and baroreceptor reflex?
α1 and ß1
What is the primary therapeutic use of dopamine?
Cardiogenic shock
What is the main advantage of dobutamine over other sympathomimetic drugs?
It increases contractility without affecting heart rate
Which drug is a selective α1 agonist and is used as a nasal decongestant?
Phenylephrine
What is the primary effect of isoproterenol on bronchial and GI smooth muscle?
Relaxation
What is the effect of high-dose epinephrine on blood pressure?
Reversal from hypertension to hypotension
What is the mechanism of action of dipivefrin?
It is a prodrug of epinephrine
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of epinephrine?
Angina pectoris
What is the primary adverse effect of epinephrine?
Palpitation
What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on mean blood pressure?
Increase
What is the primary effect of epinephrine on intraocular tension?
Decrease
What is the primary effect of isoproterenol on systolic blood pressure?
Increase
Study Notes
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Therapeutic Uses
- Clonidine is an α2-selective agonist used for hypertension, with multiple mechanisms of action including inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor centers.
- Clonidine's adverse effects include sedation, bradycardia, sexual dysfunction, rebound hypertension, xerostomia, and constipation.
- Apraclonidine is used in open-angle glaucoma to decrease intraocular tension by reducing the production of aqueous humor.
- Other α2 agonists include guanfacine, guanabenz, methyldopa (used for hypertension in pregnancy), and tizanidine (a spasmolytic for spinal cord spasticity).
- Topical sympathomimetics like naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline are used as nasal decongestants.
- Amphetamine is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic drug that increases the release of monoamines in the CNS and peripherally, with prominent CNS stimulatory action.
- Amphetamine is used as a CNS stimulant in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy.
- Tyramine releases stored catecholamines from nerve terminals and is found in fermented foods, but is not clinically used.
- Methyldopa is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone, similar to clonidine, and is used as an antihypertensive drug.
- Cocaine is a local anesthetic and CNS stimulant that blocks the uptake of NE in adrenergic neurons.
- Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are mixed-acting sympathomimetics used for bronchodilation and nasal congestion.
- Drugs with selective ß2 action like albuterol and salmeterol are used for bronchodilation and suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory system.
Test your knowledge of adrenergic drugs and their therapeutic uses with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and clinical applications of α2-selective agonists, sympathomimetics, CNS stimulants, and bronchodilators.
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