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Questions and Answers
Which adrenergic agonist is specifically indicated for the treatment of anaphylaxis?
Which adrenergic agonist is specifically indicated for the treatment of anaphylaxis?
What is the primary therapeutic use of phenylephrine?
What is the primary therapeutic use of phenylephrine?
Which group of adrenergic antagonists includes drugs such as labetalol and carvedilol?
Which group of adrenergic antagonists includes drugs such as labetalol and carvedilol?
Which of the following is classified as an irreversible anticholinesterase?
Which of the following is classified as an irreversible anticholinesterase?
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What is the mechanism of action for indirect acting sympathomimetics?
What is the mechanism of action for indirect acting sympathomimetics?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic agonists mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
- Direct-acting agonists bind directly to adrenergic receptors
- Catecholamines are naturally occurring compounds
- Non-catecholamines are synthetic
- Indirect-acting agonists enhance the effects of norepinephrine by increasing its release or inhibiting its reuptake
- They do not directly bind to post-synaptic receptors
Direct-Acting Catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Alpha (all types) and beta (all types) agonist
- Used to treat anaphylaxis and with local anesthetics
- Side effects: hyperglycemia, arrhythmias, hypertension
- Norepinephrine
- Alpha (all types) and beta1 agonist
- Used to treat neurogenic shock
- Last resort therapy for shock patients
- Dopamine
- Stimulates D1, beta1, and alpha1 receptors
- Dobutamine
- Beta1 agonist
Direct-Acting Non-Catecholamines
- Alpha 1 agonist: Phenylephrine
- Alpha 2 agonist: Clonidine
- Beta 1 agonist: No specific drugs (only catecholamines)
- Beta 2 agonists: Salbutamol & Ritodrine
Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
- Amphetamine, Ephedrine, and Pseudoephedrine
- They enhance the effects of norepinephrine, but do not directly affect post-synaptic receptors
Adrenergic Antagonists (Sympatholytics)
- Agents blocking adrenergic receptors
- Labetalol and carvedilol block both alpha and beta receptors
- Phenoxybenzamine is a non-selective alpha blocking agent
- Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, and tamsulosin are selective alpha1 blockers
- Propranolol, timolol, and nadolol are non-selective beta antagonists
- Acebutolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are selective beta1 antagonists
Cholinergic Agonists
- Mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
- Direct-acting agonists bind directly to cholinergic receptors
- Acetylcholine
- Bethanechol
- Carbachol
- Pilocarpine
- Indirect-acting agonists inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine
- Reversible: Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Physostigmine, Donepezil
- Irreversible: Not used clinically due to permanent inactivation of cholinesterase
Cholinergic Antagonists
- Block the actions of acetylcholine
- Atropine
- Uses: Mydriasis and cycloplegia, antispasmodic, treatment of heart block, drying of secretions, antidote for cholinergic agonists
- Side effects: CNS stimulation, increased body temperature, dry eyes/mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation
- Scopolamine (Hyoscine)
- Uses: Antispasmodic, motion sickness, amnesic drug
- Side effects: Sedation, euphoria, abuse potential
- Ipratropium
- Uses: Bronchodilator in asthmatic patients
- Local action in lungs, minimizing systemic effects
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Description
Explore the functions and classifications of adrenergic agonists in this quiz. Learn about direct and indirect-acting agonists, catecholamines, and their therapeutic uses. Test your knowledge on the various types of adrenergic receptors and their effects on the body.