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Questions and Answers
Which drug is primarily used to treat urinary retention?
Which drug is primarily used to treat urinary retention?
What type of vaccine is the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine classified as?
What type of vaccine is the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine classified as?
Which of the following is a side effect associated with anticholinergic drugs?
Which of the following is a side effect associated with anticholinergic drugs?
Natural passive immunity can be exemplified by which of the following?
Natural passive immunity can be exemplified by which of the following?
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Which vaccine is designed to prevent cervical cancer?
Which vaccine is designed to prevent cervical cancer?
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What is a common purpose of adrenergic agonist drugs?
What is a common purpose of adrenergic agonist drugs?
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Which of these is a possible side effect of beta-specific adrenergic agonists?
Which of these is a possible side effect of beta-specific adrenergic agonists?
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What is the indicated treatment for anaphylaxis?
What is the indicated treatment for anaphylaxis?
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What laboratory values should be monitored during IV therapy?
What laboratory values should be monitored during IV therapy?
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Which condition can beta-blockers be prescribed for?
Which condition can beta-blockers be prescribed for?
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What is a primary side effect of alpha-blockers?
What is a primary side effect of alpha-blockers?
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What is a sign of fluid overload to monitor for in IV therapy?
What is a sign of fluid overload to monitor for in IV therapy?
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Which of the following is true regarding hormonal contraceptives?
Which of the following is true regarding hormonal contraceptives?
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What is a significant risk factor for elderly patients using propranolol?
What is a significant risk factor for elderly patients using propranolol?
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What is an appropriate response for severe hypoglycemia?
What is an appropriate response for severe hypoglycemia?
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What is a common side effect of dopaminergic medications like levodopa?
What is a common side effect of dopaminergic medications like levodopa?
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Which medication should be avoided in neonates due to the risk of Reye's syndrome?
Which medication should be avoided in neonates due to the risk of Reye's syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a precaution when administering blood products?
Which of the following is NOT a precaution when administering blood products?
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What should patients be taught regarding the intake of iron supplements?
What should patients be taught regarding the intake of iron supplements?
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Which medication is used primarily for the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures?
Which medication is used primarily for the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures?
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What is a key teaching point for patients using insulin?
What is a key teaching point for patients using insulin?
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What is the primary difference between active and passive immune responses?
What is the primary difference between active and passive immune responses?
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Which of the following medications is an example of passive immunity?
Which of the following medications is an example of passive immunity?
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How do you calculate the flow rate (mL/hr) for an IV infusion?
How do you calculate the flow rate (mL/hr) for an IV infusion?
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If a doctor prescribes 250 mg of amoxicillin and the available concentration is 500 mg/5 mL, how much will you administer?
If a doctor prescribes 250 mg of amoxicillin and the available concentration is 500 mg/5 mL, how much will you administer?
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What is the correct way to convert hours into minutes when calculating IV drip rates?
What is the correct way to convert hours into minutes when calculating IV drip rates?
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In pediatric dosage calculation, which formula would you use to determine the dose?
In pediatric dosage calculation, which formula would you use to determine the dose?
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If a patient requires a heparin drip of 12 units/kg/hr and weighs 70 kg, how would you find the total units needed?
If a patient requires a heparin drip of 12 units/kg/hr and weighs 70 kg, how would you find the total units needed?
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To determine the IV drip rate in drops per minute, which calculation method should be used?
To determine the IV drip rate in drops per minute, which calculation method should be used?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic-agonist Drugs
- Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Agonists
- Purpose/Indication: Increase cardiac output, bronchodilation, treat hypotension, shock, or asthma.
- Signs of Improvement: Increased blood pressure, improved respiratory rate, stronger cardiac output.
- Possible Side Effects: Hypertension, tachycardia, nervousness, headache.
- Route: IV (e.g., epinephrine for anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest).
- Epinephrine: Treats anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest.
- Norepinephrine (Levophed): Used for shock and severe hypotension.
- Beta-specific Adrenergic Agonists
- Purpose: Bronchodilation (e.g., albuterol for asthma or COPD).
- Common Side Effects: Tremors, tachycardia, nervousness.
- Albuterol: Bronchodilation for asthma/COPD.
- Dobutamine: Increases cardiac output in heart failure.
- IV Therapy
- Complications: Fluid overload, infection, phlebitis, electrolyte imbalances.
- Labs to Monitor: Electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium), renal function (BUN, creatinine).
- Assessment: Monitor for signs of fluid overload (edema, crackles in lungs), infusion site for infiltration.
- Lactated Ringer's (LR): Fluid resuscitation.
- Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl): Volume replacement.
Women's Health
- Hormonal Contraceptives
- Adverse Effects: Blood clots, hypertension, weight gain, mood changes.
- Teaching: Report signs of DVT (calf pain, redness, swelling), consistent daily intake.
- Emergency Contraceptives: Best within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse; take as soon as possible.
- Combination Pills (ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone): Pregnancy prevention.
- Emergency Contraceptive (levonorgestrel): Prevents ovulation post-intercourse.
- Adrenergic Blockers
- Alpha-blockers:
- Purpose: Treat hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness.
- Doxazosin: Treats BPH and hypertension.
- Beta-blockers:
- Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue.
- Teaching: Avoid abrupt discontinuation; monitor pulse before taking.
- Assessment: Check apical pulse and BP before administering (e.g., amiodarone).
- Metoprolol: For hypertension and heart failure.
- Propranolol: Migraine prevention and hypertension.
- Alpha-blockers:
Lifespan Considerations
- Elderly: Higher risk due to reduced renal/hepatic function, polypharmacy.
- Neonates: Immature liver enzymes reduce metabolism; careful dosing required.
- Pediatric Communication: Age-appropriate explanations and engagement (play therapy for younger children).
- Elderly/Neonates: Warfarin (bleeding risk), digoxin (toxicity), Avoid aspirin due to Reye's syndrome.
Glucose Control
- Hypoglycemia Symptoms: Shakiness, diaphoresis, confusion, tachycardia.
- Treatment: Fast-acting glucose (juice, glucose tabs); glucagon IM for severe cases.
- Teaching: Rotate injection sites, monitor blood sugar regularly.
- Insulin:
- Rapid-acting (lispro): Controls postprandial glucose.
- Long-acting (glargine): Basal control.
- Oral Antidiabetics: Metformin: Reduces hepatic glucose production.
Anti-Parkinson's
- Re-evaluation: Improved motor symptoms (less rigidity, tremors).
- Side Effects:
- Dopaminergic (e.g., levodopa): Dyskinesia, orthostatic hypotension.
- Anticholinergic (e.g., Benztropine): Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation.
- COMT Inhibitors (e.g., entacapone): Prolong action of levodopa; fewer "off" periods.
Blood Products
- Indications: RBCs for anemia, platelets for thrombocytopenia, plasma for clotting disorders.
- Precautions: Type and cross-match; monitor for reactions.
- Monitor: Vitals, signs of transfusion reaction (fever, back pain).
Anemia Medications
- Iron Supplements:
- Teaching: Take with vitamin C; avoid dairy/calcium.
- Evaluation: Improved energy, pallor reduction, increased Hgb levels.
- Ferrous sulfate: Corrects iron deficiency.
- Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin: Treats pernicious anemia.
- Folic Acid: Prevents neural tube defects in pregnancy.
Antiepileptics
- Priority Treatment: Maintain airway during seizure, administer rescue meds (e.g., lorazepam).
- Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, ataxia, gingival hyperplasia (phenytoin).
- Warning Signs: Aura, increased seizure frequency.
- Phenytoin (Dilantin): Tonic-clonic seizures.
- Levetiracetam (Keppra): Partial seizures.
- Valproic acid: Bipolar disorder and epilepsy
Cholinergic Agonists
- Indication: Glaucoma, urinary retention, Alzheimer's disease.
- Effectiveness: Increased salivation, improved memory (Alzheimer's).
- Crisis Treatment: Atropine.
- Bethanechol: Treats urinary retention.
- Donepezil: Improves symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
Anticholinergic Drugs
- Uses: Motion sickness, bradycardia, asthma.
- Side Effects: Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia.
- Teaching: Avoid overheating, stay hydrated.
- Evaluation: Symptom relief (e.g., reduced nausea, improved HR).
- Atropine: Treats bradycardia.
- Scopolamine: Prevents motion sickness.
- Ipratropium: Bronchodilator for COPD
Immunizing Drugs
- Vaccines Indications:
- Influenza: Annual prevention.
- HPV: Prevent cervical cancer.
- Zoster: Shingles prevention.
- Tdap: Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis.
- Live Vaccines: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Varicella (Chickenpox), Zoster (Shingles - live form), Yellow Fever.
- Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines: Hepatitis A, Inactivated Polio (Salk vaccine), Rabies. -Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, or Conjugate Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Pneumococcal (PPSV23, PCV13), Meningococcal, Hepatitis B -Toxoid Vaccines: Tetanus, Diphtheria
Passive (antibody administration)
- Natural Passive Immunity: Maternal antibodies passed to a baby via placenta (IgG) or breast milk (IgA).
- Artificial Passive Immunity: Pre-formed antibodies administered via injection.
- Immune Globulins: Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), Rabies immune globulin (RIG)
- Antitoxins: Tetanus immune globulin (TIG), Botulism antitoxin, Diphtheria antitoxin
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of adrenergic-agonist drugs, including their indications, signs of improvement, and potential side effects. You'll learn about specific medications like epinephrine and albuterol, their uses in various medical conditions, and the complications related to IV therapy. Test your knowledge to understand the clinical application of these drugs!
