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Questions and Answers
What triggers the production of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?
What triggers the production of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?
The presence of glucose in urine is primarily an indicator of kidney disease.
The presence of glucose in urine is primarily an indicator of kidney disease.
False
What does a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) signify?
What does a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) signify?
Impaired kidney function
The presence of blood cells in urine may indicate infections or ________.
The presence of blood cells in urine may indicate infections or ________.
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Match the indicators with the potential conditions they may represent:
Match the indicators with the potential conditions they may represent:
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Which of the following factors is NOT involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following factors is NOT involved in maintaining homeostasis?
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Homeostasis is solely dependent on the nervous system.
Homeostasis is solely dependent on the nervous system.
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Name one mechanism through which the body cools itself down.
Name one mechanism through which the body cools itself down.
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The normal body temperature of a healthy human being is between _________ and _________ degrees Celsius.
The normal body temperature of a healthy human being is between _________ and _________ degrees Celsius.
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Match the physiological processes to their respective functions in maintaining homeostasis:
Match the physiological processes to their respective functions in maintaining homeostasis:
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What is the normal range for blood glucose levels in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)?
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)?
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Homeostasis requires the body to adjust its internal conditions to match external environmental changes.
Homeostasis requires the body to adjust its internal conditions to match external environmental changes.
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What is the primary role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
What is the primary role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
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What does adrenaline do to the heart rate?
What does adrenaline do to the heart rate?
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Adrenaline is released only during emergency situations.
Adrenaline is released only during emergency situations.
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What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?
What is the role of nephrons in the kidneys?
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When a person is scared, adrenaline is secreted which causes the pupils to ______.
When a person is scared, adrenaline is secreted which causes the pupils to ______.
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Match the following components to their functions:
Match the following components to their functions:
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Which statement about the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems is true?
Which statement about the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems is true?
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Adrenaline's effects are short-lived compared to nerve impulses.
Adrenaline's effects are short-lived compared to nerve impulses.
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What happens to the liver when adrenaline is released?
What happens to the liver when adrenaline is released?
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Blood in the renal ______ is different from blood in the renal vein.
Blood in the renal ______ is different from blood in the renal vein.
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Which of the following scenarios is an example of a fight or flight situation?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of a fight or flight situation?
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Study Notes
Effect of Adrenaline on the Body
- Adrenaline causes respiration to increase in rate and depth.
- Adrenaline increases the heart rate, which results in an increase in pulse rate.
- Adrenaline causes the pupils of the eyes to dilate.
Role of Adrenaline in Chemical Control of Metabolic Activity
- Adrenaline causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, increasing the release of glucose into the bloodstream for muscle contraction.
- Adrenaline increases the heart rate so that glucose and oxygen are delivered to the muscles to be used for energy.
Situations that Increase Adrenaline Secretion
- Seeing a snake.
- Encountering a masked man.
- Riding a roller coaster.
Importance of Adrenaline Production
- Adrenaline allows for escape or avoidance, or preparation for activity, or survival.
Advantage of Releasing Adrenaline to Coordinate the Body Rather Than Using Nerve Impulses
- Adrenaline travels throughout the entire body, eliminating the need to transmit impulses to specific areas.
- Adrenaline allows for the stimulation of multiple or simultaneous responses.
- Adrenaline requires less energy, and its effects last longer.
Feature Comparison: Nervous System vs Endocrine System
- The nervous system uses nerves, while the endocrine system uses glands.
- The nervous system transmits information via electrical impulses, while the endocrine system uses hormones (chemicals).
- The nervous system transmits signals through neurones, while the endocrine system uses the bloodstream.
- The nervous system is fast acting, while the endocrine system is slow acting
- The effects from the nervous system are short-lived, while the effects of the endocrine system are long lasting.
The Kidney
- The kidney functions as the blood’s filtration and water balancing system, removing metabolic wastes for excretion.
- Blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery and exits the kidneys via the renal vein.
- Blood is filtered by specialized structures called nephrons which produce urine.
- The urine is transported from the kidneys via the ureter, where it is stored by the bladder prior to excretion.
Understanding the Composition of Blood in the Renal Artery and Renal Vein
- The composition of blood entering the kidney (via renal artery) differs to that exiting the kidney (via renal vein).
- When an individual is suitably hydrated, ADH levels decrease and less water is reabsorbed (resulting in more dilute urine).
- ADH is produced when you are dehydrated.
Kidney Disease
- Kidney diseases are conditions that impair the kidney’s ability to filter waste products from the blood.
- Individuals with kidney diseases will demonstrate a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
- If untreated, kidney diseases can lead to kidney failure, which is life-threatening.
Urinary Analysis
- Kidneys prevent the excretion of blood cells and proteins (during ultrafiltration), as well as glucose (selective reabsorption).
- The presence of these materials in urine is an indicator of disease.
- The presence of glucose in urine is a common indicator of diabetes.
- High quantities of protein in urine may indicate disease or hormonal conditions.
- The presence of blood in urine can indicate infections or cancer.
- Drugs and toxins pass through the body into urine and can be detected.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis refers to the processes that keep the internal conditions of the body within certain narrow limits.
- Body cells work best if they have the correct temperature, water levels, and glucose concentration.
- The body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment.
- The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for free and independent life.
Standard Equilibrium Values
- Internal equilibrium is maintained by adjusting physiological processes, including:
- body temperature (normally between 36 – 38°C)
- carbon dioxide concentration (normally 35 – 45 mmHg)
- blood pH (normally between 7.35 – 7.45)
- blood glucose levels (normally 75 – 95 mg/dL)
- water balance (varies depending on individual body size)
Body Temperature
- Factors causing heat gain:
- Gain of heat directly from the environment through radiation and conduction.
- Excessive fat deposits make it harder to lose the heat generated through activity.
- Heavy exercise, especially with excessive clothing.
Mechanisms to Regulate Body Temperature
- When your body is hot, sweat glands are stimulated to release sweat.
- As the liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates), it takes heat energy from your skin, cooling it down.
- Vasodilation occurs when the blood carries most of the heat energy around your body. Capillaries underneath your skin can be filled with blood if you get too hot.
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Description
This quiz explores the physiological effects of adrenaline on the body, including its role in respiration, heart rate, and metabolic activity. It covers the situations that trigger adrenaline secretion and its importance for survival. Test your knowledge of how adrenaline coordinates bodily functions and supports quick responses to stressors.
