Adrenal Insufficiency vs Addison's Disease
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone helps the kidneys retain sodium and excrete potassium in normal physiological conditions?

  • Epinephrine
  • ACTH
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone (correct)

    • How does a reduced aldosterone production impact sodium and potassium levels in Addison's disease?

  • Decreases sodium retention and increases potassium excretion (correct)
  • Increases sodium retention and increases potassium excretion
  • Increases sodium retention and decreases potassium excretion
  • Decreases sodium retention and decreases potassium excretion

    • What is the primary function of mineralocorticoid replacement therapy in Addison's disease treatment?

  • Enhancing stress response
  • Controlling electrolyte levels (correct)
  • Regulating metabolism
  • Boosting immune function

    • How does increased salt intake help compensate for the loss of sodium in Addison's disease?

    <p>It counters reduced aldosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical condition can arise when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel and impedes the flow of blood?

    <p>Thromboembolic phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hydrocortisone play in Addison's disease treatment?

    <p>Substitutes for cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Cushing's syndrome related to electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Salt craving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dexamethasone suppress cortisol production in the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test?

    <p>By decreasing ACTH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of adrenal corticosteroid deficiency as seen in Addison's disease?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Addison's disease, why do cortisol levels remain low despite the body needing it?

    <p>Damaged adrenal glands unable to produce enough cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system mainly stimulates the production of aldosterone in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trigger for aldosterone release as per the text?

    <p>High potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone impact the kidneys?

    <p>Promotes excretion of potassium and conserves sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal gland section synthesizes aldosterone?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone affect blood pressure?

    <p>Increases blood pressure by promoting water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do corticosteroids primarily contribute to the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis?

    <p>By leveraging their anti-inflammatory properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do corticosteroids affect blood pressure when used for medical purposes?

    <p>They can lead to hypertension due to fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the pharmacological use of corticosteroids if not carefully managed?

    <p>High blood sugar levels leading to hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes corticosteroids from other adrenal hormones in terms of their effects on the immune system?

    <p>Corticosteroids suppress immune system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do corticosteroids impact electrolyte balance, particularly in relation to sodium and potassium levels?

    <p>They increase sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and enhance potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to increase sodium and water reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?

    <p>Maintaining blood volume by increasing sodium and water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal gland hormone is pivotal for controlling fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from mineral balance, what is a key role of cortisol, another adrenal cortex hormone?

    <p>Regulating glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal gland hormone modulates the immune response by reducing inflammation?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lack of cortisol increase following an ACTH stimulation test indicate?

    <p>Primary adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Addison's disease, why are ACTH levels typically elevated?

    <p>To compensate for low cortisol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would contradict the expectation of Addison's disease in someone being evaluated for it?

    <p>High cortisol levels post-ACTH stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary adrenal insufficiency, what is the primary issue that leads to low cortisol levels?

    <p>Low ACTH production by the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ACTH levels differ between primary Addison's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>High in primary Addison's, low in secondary adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with excessive thyroid hormone levels, what effect on skin hydration is typically observed?

    <p>Thin, warm, and moist skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive thyroid hormone levels affect cholesterol in the body?

    <p>Decrease cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do thyroid hormones play in bone turnover in adults?

    <p>Accelerate bone loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal effect is associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones influence muscle strength and control?

    <p>Increase muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of excessive thyroid hormone on heart function?

    <p>Contribute to heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly observed in individuals with hypothyroidism affecting the skin?

    <p>Cold and coarse skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does thyroid hormone have on nerve conduction when levels are excessive?

    <p>Cause anxiety or nervousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones impact fat metabolism?

    <p>Increase fat mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cholesterol synthesis?

    <p>Increase cholesterol synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a hypotonic colon?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hypotonic colon affect bowel movements?

    <p>Slows down bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a long-term indwelling catheter in managing urinary retention?

    <p>Providing a direct route for urine to flow out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a hypotonic colon lead to abdominal discomfort?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness in pushing stool toward the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hypotonic colon differ from a normal colon in terms of muscle tone?

    <p>Reduced muscle tone in a hypotonic colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is often used to describe a hypotonic colon?

    <p>Lazy colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reduced muscle tone in a hypotonic colon affect bowel movements?

    <p>Slows down bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a long-term indwelling catheter for managing urinary retention?

    <p>Directing urine flow out of the body continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is often associated with a hypotonic colon?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what does a hypotonic colon struggle to effectively do?

    <p>Contract to push stool towards the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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