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• Adolescent development focuses on puberty and adolescence, the physical, cognitive, moral, and psychosocial changes.

Puberty

• Preadolescence typically occurs between ages 11 and 14.
• It involves rapid physical growth, changes in body proportions, and the development of both primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Adolescence

• Begins at the end of puberty
• Characterized by the onset of menstruation in females and sperm production in males.
• From the Latin "to grow and mature"
• Children in developed countries are maturing physiologically at a younger age.
• Income inequality is linked to teen health.
• Marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
• Begins with sexual maturity and ends when growth ceases.
• Moving from dependence to independence and involves emotional, insecure, introspective feelings.

Physical Development

• The second most rapid phase of growth after the prenatal period.
• Height increases by 20-25%.
• In girls, height growth ceases between ages 16-18, and in boys, between 18-20.
• Boys gain 7-30 kg and girls gain 7-25 kg in weight.
• Muscles increase in size and strength.
• Lung weight and volume increase.
• Stomach and intestines increase in size and capacity.
• Vital signs change with increased blood volume.
• Molars and wisdom teeth erupt.

Language Development

• Cognitive skills and language understanding increase.
• Vocabulary expands in both receptive and expressive abilities.
• The use of slang and electronic communication is common.

Sexual Development

• Includes heightened emotions, worries, and a lack of self-confidence.
• The average age for sexual activity is 16-17 years.
• Peers are the primary source of sex education.
• Early sexual activity can lead to risky outcomes.
• Access to contraception and sexual health services is important.

Sexual Experimentation

• Can involve heterosexual or same-sex activity.
• It's important to provide anticipatory guidance on sexual decisions, contraception, and STBBI prevention.

STBBI

• Include chlamydia, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.

Adolescent Pregnancy

• Both an individual and a social concern.

Self-Concept/Body Image

• High self-esteem correlates with a more positive attitude.
• Influenced by the feeling of being watched, peer pressure, and societal norms.

Psychosocial Development

• Involves rapid changes and the onset of puberty.
• Secondary sexual characteristics become noticeable.
• Menarche occurs in females.
• Emotions fluctuate, with a mix of happiness and negativity.
• Social antagonism may arise.
• Erikson's stage of identity vs. role confusion is central.
• Threats to identity can lead to delinquent behavior and mental health issues.
• Feelings toward parents are often ambivalent.

Psychosocial Development by Age

• Ages 13-14: Issues are mainly seen from their own perspectives, and compromise can be challenging.
• Ages 15-16: Individuals become less self-absorbed, develop abstract thinking, and begin dating.
• Ages 17-19: Focus is on personal activities, work, and managing stress, with peer relationships being highly important.

Influences/Relationships

• family structures change during this phase.
• Relationships with parents and peers are significant.
• Peer relationships often become more influential than parental relationships.
• Part-time work and technology/social media play important roles.

Cognitive Development

• Piaget's stage of formal operations allows for abstract thinking.
• Adolescents become capable of considering all possibilities.
• Show introspection, egocentrism, and intolerance of the status quo.

Brain Development

• Risk-taking behavior is common due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex.

Moral Development

• Develops expanded understanding of good/bad.
• Kohlberg's theory suggests a transition to the postconventional stage, focusing on justice and universal principles.
• Gilligan's theory focuses on the moral development of females, emphasizing self-sacrifice.

Nutrition

• Increased need for calories, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
• Girls require approximately 2600 calories/day, while boys need 3600 calories/day.
• Competing factors include the desire to be thin (girls), large food consumption (boys), ideal body image, fast foods, peer pressure, alcohol, and sweets.
• Skipping meals and consuming fast food/high-calorie snacks.
• Dietary intake can be a way to gain control and exert independence.

Underweight

• Severe underweight is often seen in anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
• Linked to body image and mental health issues.
• Anorexia typically occurs between ages 12 and 18 and is more prevalent in girls.
• Bulimia may be associated with anorexia and involves extreme overeating followed by self-induced purging.

Overweight

• Obesity - Increased prevalence of obesity (25% of the Canadian population).
• Should be addressed with a population health perspective.

Sleep and Rest

• Growth spurts increase the need for sleep, requiring about 9 hours.
• Staying up late and sleeping in is common due to hormonal changes in puberty.
• Risk of sleep deprivation is a common problem due to multiple activities and responsibilities.
• Texting after bedtime is a major issue and impacts school performance.

Exercise and Leisure

• Increase in lean muscle mass; increased strength/endurance.
• Screen time is up; physical activity is down.
• 60 minutes of daily physical activity is recommended.
• Organized sports, work commitments, and peer relationships all affect exercise habits.

Adolescent Mental Health

• 8% of adults experience major depression (5% male youth, 12% female youth in 12-19 age).
• Over 30% of all ages will be affected by a mental illness.
• Anxiety affects 5%; Mood and anxiety = 12.3%.
• Suicide accounts for 24% of deaths among those aged 15-24 years.
• Schizophrenia & Bipolar Disorder affects 1%.
• 49% never access health services.

Suicide

• Second leading cause of death after unintentional injuries.
• Pressure to be successful, and bullying impacts.
• Males are more likely to die by suicide using violent methods and give less warning.
• Females generally attempt suicide more often than males.

Risk and Protective Factors

• Build protective factors: school connectedness, problem-solving abilities, social and emotional skills, and healthy relationships.
• Reduce risk factors: poor school performance, lack of self-control, risk-taking, substance abuse, and dangerous neighborhoods and schools.

Safety

• Injuries are the leading cause of death in Canada between ages 1 and 44.
• MVA, injuries, suicide, and homicide account for 75% of all deaths between ages 15 and 24.
• Inexperience, drugs/ETOH, and distracted driving all pose risks.
• Violence and bullying - can include carrying weapons, testing limits, witnessing violence, and exposure to violent music lyrics.

Social Media Influences

• A typical teenager in 2015 had 300 Facebook friends, sent 3000 texts per month, and had 79 Twitter followers.
• Norms around privacy are changing, leading to a decline in intimate friendships.

Parenting Styles

• Democratic
  • Developing sense of self; Child encouraged to make decisions; parents can approve or disapprove.
• Autocratic
  • Child not permitted free expression of feelings of views; must follow along with the parents.
• Laissez-faire
  • Child can decide what he/she wants or believes is best.

Young Adulthood Overview

• Spans from ages 18-35 years.
• Centers around choosing careers, creating homes and families, building social circles, developing maturity, and addressing sexual needs.

Biology and Genetics

• Health-promotion needs and developing healthy lifestyle behaviors.
• Decreasing incidence of accidents, injuries, violence.
• Healthiest period with optimal muscle strength (age 25-30).
• Women reach full growth; men reach full growth at age 21
• Women have longer longevity than men
• Health care seeking behaviors are more common among women than men

Physical Development During Young Adulthood

• Includes height and weight maintenance
• Peak bone mass age 35
• Dentition needs to be maintained
• Maximum cardiac output occurs between ages of 20 & 30
• Ensuring vital capacity
• Maintain nervous system

Physical Health

• Vision & hearing needs
• Monitor vital signs
• Reproductive system screen for STIs
• Unintended pregnancies are common
• Nurses must help with appropriate contraceptive methods
• Some women develop Infertility

Development

• Motor & sexual development
• Psychosocial development
• Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation
• Increased sense of competency/self-esteem
• Learn to develop reciprocal intimate relationships (requires mutual trust)
• Introspection
• Work
• Unemployment

Home and Family

• Leaving home
• Marriage
• Couples living together must make decisions related to childbearing, finances, roles/relationships
• Separation/divorce affects families
• Violence, leading cause is individual acts (homicide, suicide)
• Homicide is 2nd leading cause of death among 15-24 ages.
• Associated with guns, alcohol, drug abuse
• Intimate partner violence is under reported and women report violence more.

Social Circles

• Adult friendships last over longer periods and separate
• Intimate friendships include reciprocity, compatibility, respectability, proximity

Cognitive development

• Piaget: formal operations analysis of combination of all things
• Intellectual growth
• Recall performance and memory peaks in 20's
• No longer egocentric
• College/university & adults

Moral Development

• Post-conventional moral reasoning
• Define rights and morality in terms of self-chosen principles
• Religion
• Western culture: adulthood
• Achieve financial and residential independence
• Life stage conflict: Explore versus experiment

Nutrition

• Needs differ little compared to adolescents
• Caloric needs are high
• Men need 2700-3000, Women need 1600-2100
• 15% intake of protein
• Fat intake should be limited (only saturated and unsaturated)
• Intake should be 50-60% carbohydrates
• Osteoporosis needs to be prevented (via Calcium, and vitamin D)
• Intake of Vitamin C also important
• Pregnant women need to have specific nutrition

Sleep and Rest

• Subject to fatigue
• Work, stress and inactivity
• Needs average to 7-9 per night
• Insomnia
• Factors impacts on sleep/rest

Exercise & Leisure

• Requires exercise for 30 mins for 5 days
• Barriers due to lack of time, access of facilities
• 150 minutes per week in lots of 10 minutes +
• Lack of exercise can occur leading to fatigue, headache, back ache and joint ache

Young Adult Mental Illness

• 8% of adults experience major depression
• 30% get affected by mental illness
• Anx & mood problems at 24%
• Suicide = 24% (years between15-24)
• Suicide = 16% (years between 25-40)
• 49% don't seek out health services

Facts about Mental Health

• $50 billion dollar effect on canada
• Short and Long term issues in claims
• 21.4% impacts workers

Risk & Protective Factors

• Develop good social & emotion support, healthy relationships to give them good problem solving skills
• Poor school performances are also high lack of control & drug.

Safety

• Children and others need to be safe.
• Fire safety is also a factor
• People also need work safety
• MVA injuries still leading cause of death.