Adjectives and Verb Conversion Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following word components with their types:

Prefixes = Morphemes that precede the root in a word Suffixes = Morphemes that follow the root in a word Roots = The lexical nucleus of a word Stems = The part of a word that remains unchanged in all the forms of its paradigm

Match the following morpheme types with their examples:

Free morphemes = Friend in friendly, friendship Bound morphemes = Re- in rewrite, -ed in helped Semi-bound morphemes = After- in after-thought, Chairman Allomorphs = Il- (illegal), im- (impossible), ir- (irregular)

Match the following word types with their definitions:

Simple words = Have only a root morpheme in their structure Derivatives or derived words = Consist of a root and one or more affixes Compounds = Combine two or more stems into a lexical unit Derivational compounds = Join phrase components by compounding + affixation

Match the following structural points of morphemes with their descriptions:

<p>Free morphemes = Can stand alone as a word, root morphemes only Bound morphemes = Only constituent parts of words, prefixes or suffixes Semi-bound morphemes = Function both as affixes and as free morphemes Positional variants of morphemes (Allomorphs) = Represented by different forms of the same morpheme in different positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of function with their examples:

<p>Derivational function = Happiness and unhappy from happy Functional function = -s in cats, -ed in helped Roots = -s in cats, -ed in helped Stems = -s in cats, -ed in helped</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following main structural types of English words with their characteristics:

<p>Simple words (or root words) = Have only a root morpheme in their structure Derivatives or derived words = Produced by affixation or derivation, e.g. joyful, retell, enlarge Compounds = Combine two or more stems into a lexical unit, e.g. classroom, snow-white, forget-me-not Derivational compounds = Join phrase components by compounding + affixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word formation processes with their definitions:

<p>Conversion = Changing a word from one part of speech to another Composition = Combining two or more stems to form a new word Compound words = Words formed by combining two or more words Derivation = Adding affixes to a base word to create a new word</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compound types with their structural descriptions:

<p>Neutral compounds = Realized without any linking elements, by mere juxtaposition of two stems Morphological compounds = Combining two compounding stems with a linking vowel or consonant Syntactic compounds = Containing segments of speech such as articles, prepositions, and adverbs Derived compounds = Consisting of affixes in their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compound examples with their types:

<p>Blackboard, sunflower, bedroom = Neutral compounds Anglo-Saxon, statesman = Morphological compounds Good-for-nothing, mother-in-law = Syntactic compounds Music-lover, blue-eyed, filmgoer = Derived compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following noun-verb conversion examples with their associated meanings:

<p>To nail, to hammer, to pin, to comb, to pencil, to brush = Name of a tool and action performed by the tool To dog, to rat, to wolf, to monkey = Action or aspect of behavior considered typical of the animal To shoulder, to leg, to elbow, to hand = Action performed by the named body part To nurse, to cook, to maid = Activity typical of the named profession or occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following noun-verb conversion examples with their associated meanings:

<p>To room, to place, to cage = Process of occupying the named place or putting something/someone in it To pocket, to can, to bottle = Act of putting something within the named container To lunch, to supper = Process of taking the named meal</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following verb-adjective conversion examples with their associated meanings:

<p>To yellow, to green, to pale, to cool = -</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of word formation with their descriptions:

<p>Affixation = Word formative process by adding word-building affixes to roots Conversion = Making a new word from an existing word by changing the category of a part of speech Compounding = Creating new words by combining two or more root words Back-formation = Creating a new word by removing an affix from an existing word</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following affix types with their classifications:

<p>Native affixes = Derived from the English language Borrowed affixes = Derived from other languages such as Latin and French Productive affixes = Take part in deriving new words in the current period of language development Non-productive affixes = Do not actively participate in deriving new words in the current period of language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following suffix types with their functions:

<p>Noun-forming suffixes = Derive nouns from other parts of speech Adjective-forming suffixes = Derive adjectives from other parts of speech Verb-forming suffixes = Derive verbs from other parts of speech Adverb-forming suffixes = Derive adverbs from other parts of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples of native suffixes with their meanings:

<p>-ful (careful, skilful) = 'Full of something' (e.g., beautiful, careful) -less (careless, sleepless) = 'Without something' (e.g., careless, sleepless) -en (wooden, woolen) = 'Made of something' (e.g., wooden, woolen) -ly (ugly, lovely) = 'In a certain manner' (e.g., ugly, lovely)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Latin affixes with their functions:

<p>-ion (opinion, union) = Noun-forming affix (e.g., opinion, union) -ate (create, appreciate) = Verb-forming affix (e.g., create, appreciate) -able (curable, detestable) = 'Capable of being' affix (e.g., curable, detestable) -ance (arrogance, endurance) = Noun-forming affix (e.g., arrogance, endurance)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions of word formation productivity with their types:

<p>Highly productive = Affixation, compounding, shortening, conversion, forming phrasal words Semi-productive = Back formation, reduplication, blending, sound imitation Nonproductive = Sound interchange and change of stress Productive affixes = Take part in deriving new words in the current period of language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word formation process with its description:

<p>Idiomatic compounds = Words formed by doubling a stem without any phonetic changes Shortening = The derivation of new words by means of subtracting a suffix Sound imitation (onomatopoeia) = Words made by imitating different kinds of sounds produced by animals, birds, and insects Reduplication = Words made from the initial letters of a word group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word type with its example:

<p>Highly idiomatic compounds = Ladybird Alphabetic abbreviations = USA Acronyms = NATO Rhyme compounds = Helter-skelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following abbreviation type with its definition:

<p>Compound abbreviations = The first constituent is a letter and the second part is a complete word Graphic abbreviations = Used in texts for economy of space and pronounced as the corresponding unabbreviated words Latin abbreviations = Can be read as separate letters or be substituted by the English equivalents Alphabetic abbreviations = Letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and a full stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word formation process with its example:

<p>Back formation (reversion) = Beg from beggar Reduplicative compounds proper = Blah-blah Non-idiomatic compounds = Dancingroom Mixed clipping = Flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following abbreviation type with its example:

<p>Medial clipping (syncope) = Fancy Initial clipping (apheresis) = Phone Compound abbreviations = A-bomb Latin abbreviations = I.e.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word formation process with its description:

<p>Highly idiomatic compounds = Meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their parts, requiring knowledge of translation Reduplication = New words made by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root vowel or consonant Shortening = Derivation of new words from initial letters of a word group or by subtracting a suffix Sound imitation (onomatopoeia) = Made by imitating sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, and human beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word formation processes with their definitions:

<p>Blending = Formation of new lexical units by merging fragments of words into one new word Conversion = Formation of a new word by changing the grammatical category of an existing word Composition = Formation of a new word by combining two or more root words Back-formation = Formation of a new word by removing an affix from an existing word</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of compounds with their examples:

<p>Endocentric compounds = Blackbird, blueberry Exocentric compounds = Pickpocket, scarecrow Copulative compounds = Catfish, honeymoon Appositional compounds = Houseboat, watermelon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of borrowings with their characteristics:

<p>Completely assimilated borrowings (denizens) = Follow English phonetic, grammatical, and graphic standards; do not seem foreign in origin Partially assimilated borrowings (aliens) = Fall into four subgroups: not assimilated semantically, grammatically, phonetically, or graphically Unassimilated borrowed words (barbarisms) = Preserve original spelling and other characteristics; always have corresponding English equivalents Translation-loans = Borrowings not taken into the vocabulary of another language directly, but through translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following areas of adaptation with their descriptions:

<p>Phonetic adaptation = Adjustment to the phonetic system of the recipient language Grammatical adaptation = Complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word Semantic adaptation = Adjustment to the system of meanings of the recipient language's vocabulary Assimilation of borrowed words = Adjustment to the norms of the recipient language in phonetic, grammatical, and semantic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regional variants of English with their respective locations:

<p>British English = United Kingdom Scottish English = United Kingdom American English = United States Indian English = India</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of English language with their defining characteristics:

<p>Standard English = Current and literary form accepted worldwide Territorial variants = Regional varieties possessing a literary norm Local dialects = Non-standard forms specific to certain localities Received Pronunciation (RP) = Often referred to as the written Standard English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following areas with their corresponding variants of English:

<p>British Isles = British English, Scottish English, Irish English Outside the British Isles = American English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Indian English Entire English speaking world = Standard English English speaking country = Standard English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguistic features with their characteristics:

<p>Morphology, syntax, word-formation = Similar across regional variants Word-stock and phonetic system = Essentially the same across regional variants Literary norm = Possessed by regional variants of English Verbal communication = Served by all regional variants of English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following British English words with their American English equivalents:

<p>lorry = truck flat = apartment pavement = sidewalk tin-opener = can-opener</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Indian English words with their meanings:

<p>bandh = strikes challan = traffic ticket jungle = forest pyjama = sleepwear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Scottish English features with their descriptions:

<p>Pronunciation, grammar and lexis differ sometimes substantially from other variants of English existing on the territory of the British Isles. = Scottish Standard English Scottish English has a long tradition as a separate written and spoken variety. = Historical development The uniqueness of Scottish English can be explained by its historical development, shading into and compromising with both Scots and the usage of England and Ireland. = Variety influenced by historical factors Most people range from kinds of urban and rural Scots through mixed usage to kinds of Scottish Standard English. = Diversity in language usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Americanisms with their meanings:

<p>dorm (dormitory) = residence hall for students cert (certainty) = guaranteed outcome faculty (teaching staff) = all the teachers and other professional workers of a university or college roadster (motor-car for long journeys by road) = convertible car for road trips</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English dialects with their corresponding regions:

<p>Estuary English = House of Commons, BBC, City businessmen Yorkshire dialect = Yorkshire county New York dialect = New York City and northern New Jersey Inland North dialect = Great Lakes region</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English dialect features with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Northern division dialect = Includes New England settlement, New York, and beyond Midland division dialect = Divided into North Midland and South Midland speech Southern division dialect = Comprises southern two-thirds of Delaware, the eastern parts of Maryland, Virginia, and Gulf States African-American Vernacular English = Used in African-American communities in the USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical settlement patterns with their corresponding linguistic changes:

<p>Yorkshire dialect = Mix of Anglo-Saxon speakers and Scandinavian settlers Inland North dialect = Generated by separation of Canada from the United States in the Great Lakes region Southern division dialect = Ethnic variety in the United States, influenced usage from coast to coast Estuary English = Found 'grouped in the middle ground', used in House of Commons and by members of Lords</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English speech patterns with their corresponding notable features:

<p>North Midland speech = Extends from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ohio and beyond South Midland speech = Starts from northern Delaware along the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and moves across Arkansas and Oklahoma Standard Midwestern speech = Used by American network television broadcasters African-American Vernacular English = Gained national prominence and influenced usage from coast to coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language variant with its unique feature:

<p>American English = Incorporates several uniquely American terms, such as cold war and hot air Canadian English = Shares vocabulary with American English and British English, but has its own unique words like parkade and chesterfield Australian English = Incorporates elements of Aboriginal languages and has a unique set of diminutives like arvo and bikkie New Zealand English = Borrows many local words from the Maori population to describe the local flora, fauna, and natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regional dialects with their locations:

<p>Cockney = London Estuary English = South-East of England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary Northern dialects = Northern and Midlands Midland dialects = Midland region of Great Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language variant with its pronunciation similarity to another variant:

<p>Australian English = Close to New Zealand English in pronunciation New Zealand English = Close to Australian English in pronunciation South African English = Bears some resemblance in pronunciation to a mix of Australian English and British English Indian English = Essentially British English in pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following distinct features of Irish English with their examples:

<p>Words with the same form as in British English but different meanings = backward – 'shy'; to doubt – 'to believe strongly' Regionally marked words by older, often rural people = biddable – 'obedient'; feasant – 'affable' Nouns taken from Irish relating to food or the supernatural = banshee – 'fairy woman' from bean sidhe Words typical only of Irish English (Irishisms) = begorrah – 'by God'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following type of influence with the language affected:

<p>American influence = Intrusion of Americanisms in press, radio, television Canadian influence = Incorporates elements from Canadian French and shares vocabulary with American English Australian influence = Incorporates elements of Aboriginal languages and distinctive vocabulary from other variants of English South African influence = Derives unique words and expressions from various African languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following distinctive features of Scottish English with their examples:

<p>Structured semantic fields different from British English = minor (ScE) denotes a person below the age of 18 years, while Scottish law distinguishes between pupils and minors Words with equivalents in British English = (ScE) extortion – (BrE) blackmail Distinctiveness from influence of other languages = Gaelic borrowings include cairn and sporran Words with the same form, but different meanings in Scottish English and British English = gate in Scottish English means 'road'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English language variant with its spelling characteristic:

<p>Canadian English = Intermediate between British English and American English in spelling New Zealand English = Uses the -ise ending exclusively, unlike Britons who use either -ise or -ize Australian English = Similar to British spelling except for the ending of -ise or -ize South African English = Has words derived from African languages that do not exist in British or American English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sources of tension affecting the development of Scottish English with their descriptions:

<p>Tension between Scotland and England = Reflects an institutionalized social structure, noticeable in law, local government, religion, and education Tension between Highlands and Lowlands = Reflects problems of intelligibility that have no parallel elsewhere in Britain Tension between Protestants and Catholics = Greatly affected the development of Scottish English</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Morphemes and Word Formation

  • Morpheme types include:
    • Free morphemes: words that can stand alone as a complete utterance
    • Bound morphemes: cannot stand alone, must be combined with other morphemes
  • Word types include:
    • Monomorphemic words: consist of a single morpheme
    • Polymorphemic words: consist of multiple morphemes
  • Structural points of morphemes:
    • Morphemes can be classified as roots, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes
    • Roots carry the core meaning of a word
    • Affixes modify the meaning of a root
  • Word formation processes:
    • Compounding: combining two or more roots to form a new word
    • Derivation: adding an affix to a root to form a new word
    • Conversion: changing the grammatical category of a word without changing its form
  • Compound types:
    • Closed compounds: written as a single word
    • Hyphenated compounds: joined by a hyphen
    • Open compounds: written as separate words
  • Examples of noun-verb conversion:
    • "to book" (verb) → "a book" (noun)
    • "to run" (verb) → "a run" (noun)
  • Examples of verb-adjective conversion:
    • "to write" (verb) → "a written document" (adjective)

Affixes and Word Formation

  • Affix types:
    • Prefixes: attached to the beginning of a root
    • Suffixes: attached to the end of a root
    • Infixes: inserted within a root
  • Latin affixes:
    • Prefixes: "re-" (again), "un-" (not)
    • Suffixes: "-able" (capable of being), "-ment" (result of)
  • Word formation productivity:
    • Productive processes can be used to create new words
    • Unproductive processes are no longer used to create new words
  • Examples of abbreviation types:
    • Acronyms: formed from the initial letters of a phrase
    • Initialisms: formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced letter by letter

English Language Variants

  • Types of borrowings:
    • Loanwords: words borrowed from another language
    • Calques: phrases translated from another language
  • Regional variants of English:
    • British English
    • American English
    • Indian English
    • Scottish English
  • English dialect features:
    • Regional accents and pronunciation
    • Vocabulary differences
    • Grammar differences
  • British English words and their American English equivalents:
    • Lift (BE) → Elevator (AmE)
    • Chips (BE) → French Fries (AmE)
  • Scottish English features:
    • Unique vocabulary and pronunciation
    • Influenced by Scottish Gaelic and Scots languages

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