Adjectives and Verb Conversion Quiz

Prefixes = Morphemes that precede the root in a word Suffixes = Morphemes that follow the root in a word Roots = The lexical nucleus of a word Stems = The part of a word that remains unchanged in all the forms of its paradigm

Free morphemes = Friend in friendly, friendship Bound morphemes = Re- in rewrite, -ed in helped Semi-bound morphemes = After- in after-thought, Chairman Allomorphs = Il- (illegal), im- (impossible), ir- (irregular)

Simple words = Have only a root morpheme in their structure Derivatives or derived words = Consist of a root and one or more affixes Compounds = Combine two or more stems into a lexical unit Derivational compounds = Join phrase components by compounding + affixation

Free morphemes = Can stand alone as a word, root morphemes only Bound morphemes = Only constituent parts of words, prefixes or suffixes Semi-bound morphemes = Function both as affixes and as free morphemes Positional variants of morphemes (Allomorphs) = Represented by different forms of the same morpheme in different positions

Derivational function = Happiness and unhappy from happy Functional function = -s in cats, -ed in helped Roots = -s in cats, -ed in helped Stems = -s in cats, -ed in helped

Simple words (or root words) = Have only a root morpheme in their structure Derivatives or derived words = Produced by affixation or derivation, e.g. joyful, retell, enlarge Compounds = Combine two or more stems into a lexical unit, e.g. classroom, snow-white, forget-me-not Derivational compounds = Join phrase components by compounding + affixation

Conversion = Changing a word from one part of speech to another Composition = Combining two or more stems to form a new word Compound words = Words formed by combining two or more words Derivation = Adding affixes to a base word to create a new word

Neutral compounds = Realized without any linking elements, by mere juxtaposition of two stems Morphological compounds = Combining two compounding stems with a linking vowel or consonant Syntactic compounds = Containing segments of speech such as articles, prepositions, and adverbs Derived compounds = Consisting of affixes in their structure

Blackboard, sunflower, bedroom = Neutral compounds Anglo-Saxon, statesman = Morphological compounds Good-for-nothing, mother-in-law = Syntactic compounds Music-lover, blue-eyed, filmgoer = Derived compounds

To nail, to hammer, to pin, to comb, to pencil, to brush = Name of a tool and action performed by the tool To dog, to rat, to wolf, to monkey = Action or aspect of behavior considered typical of the animal To shoulder, to leg, to elbow, to hand = Action performed by the named body part To nurse, to cook, to maid = Activity typical of the named profession or occupation

To room, to place, to cage = Process of occupying the named place or putting something/someone in it To pocket, to can, to bottle = Act of putting something within the named container To lunch, to supper = Process of taking the named meal

• = -

To yellow, to green, to pale, to cool = -

• = -

Affixation = Word formative process by adding word-building affixes to roots Conversion = Making a new word from an existing word by changing the category of a part of speech Compounding = Creating new words by combining two or more root words Back-formation = Creating a new word by removing an affix from an existing word

Native affixes = Derived from the English language Borrowed affixes = Derived from other languages such as Latin and French Productive affixes = Take part in deriving new words in the current period of language development Non-productive affixes = Do not actively participate in deriving new words in the current period of language development

Noun-forming suffixes = Derive nouns from other parts of speech Adjective-forming suffixes = Derive adjectives from other parts of speech Verb-forming suffixes = Derive verbs from other parts of speech Adverb-forming suffixes = Derive adverbs from other parts of speech

-ful (careful, skilful) = 'Full of something' (e.g., beautiful, careful) -less (careless, sleepless) = 'Without something' (e.g., careless, sleepless) -en (wooden, woolen) = 'Made of something' (e.g., wooden, woolen) -ly (ugly, lovely) = 'In a certain manner' (e.g., ugly, lovely)

-ion (opinion, union) = Noun-forming affix (e.g., opinion, union) -ate (create, appreciate) = Verb-forming affix (e.g., create, appreciate) -able (curable, detestable) = 'Capable of being' affix (e.g., curable, detestable) -ance (arrogance, endurance) = Noun-forming affix (e.g., arrogance, endurance)

Highly productive = Affixation, compounding, shortening, conversion, forming phrasal words Semi-productive = Back formation, reduplication, blending, sound imitation Nonproductive = Sound interchange and change of stress Productive affixes = Take part in deriving new words in the current period of language development

Idiomatic compounds = Words formed by doubling a stem without any phonetic changes Shortening = The derivation of new words by means of subtracting a suffix Sound imitation (onomatopoeia) = Words made by imitating different kinds of sounds produced by animals, birds, and insects Reduplication = Words made from the initial letters of a word group

Highly idiomatic compounds = Ladybird Alphabetic abbreviations = USA Acronyms = NATO Rhyme compounds = Helter-skelter

Compound abbreviations = The first constituent is a letter and the second part is a complete word Graphic abbreviations = Used in texts for economy of space and pronounced as the corresponding unabbreviated words Latin abbreviations = Can be read as separate letters or be substituted by the English equivalents Alphabetic abbreviations = Letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and a full stress

Back formation (reversion) = Beg from beggar Reduplicative compounds proper = Blah-blah Non-idiomatic compounds = Dancingroom Mixed clipping = Flu

Medial clipping (syncope) = Fancy Initial clipping (apheresis) = Phone Compound abbreviations = A-bomb Latin abbreviations = I.e.

Highly idiomatic compounds = Meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their parts, requiring knowledge of translation Reduplication = New words made by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root vowel or consonant Shortening = Derivation of new words from initial letters of a word group or by subtracting a suffix Sound imitation (onomatopoeia) = Made by imitating sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, and human beings

Blending = Formation of new lexical units by merging fragments of words into one new word Conversion = Formation of a new word by changing the grammatical category of an existing word Composition = Formation of a new word by combining two or more root words Back-formation = Formation of a new word by removing an affix from an existing word

Endocentric compounds = Blackbird, blueberry Exocentric compounds = Pickpocket, scarecrow Copulative compounds = Catfish, honeymoon Appositional compounds = Houseboat, watermelon

Completely assimilated borrowings (denizens) = Follow English phonetic, grammatical, and graphic standards; do not seem foreign in origin Partially assimilated borrowings (aliens) = Fall into four subgroups: not assimilated semantically, grammatically, phonetically, or graphically Unassimilated borrowed words (barbarisms) = Preserve original spelling and other characteristics; always have corresponding English equivalents Translation-loans = Borrowings not taken into the vocabulary of another language directly, but through translation

Phonetic adaptation = Adjustment to the phonetic system of the recipient language Grammatical adaptation = Complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word Semantic adaptation = Adjustment to the system of meanings of the recipient language's vocabulary Assimilation of borrowed words = Adjustment to the norms of the recipient language in phonetic, grammatical, and semantic areas

British English = United Kingdom Scottish English = United Kingdom American English = United States Indian English = India

Standard English = Current and literary form accepted worldwide Territorial variants = Regional varieties possessing a literary norm Local dialects = Non-standard forms specific to certain localities Received Pronunciation (RP) = Often referred to as the written Standard English

British Isles = British English, Scottish English, Irish English Outside the British Isles = American English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, South African English, Indian English Entire English speaking world = Standard English English speaking country = Standard English

Morphology, syntax, word-formation = Similar across regional variants Word-stock and phonetic system = Essentially the same across regional variants Literary norm = Possessed by regional variants of English Verbal communication = Served by all regional variants of English

lorry = truck flat = apartment pavement = sidewalk tin-opener = can-opener

bandh = strikes challan = traffic ticket jungle = forest pyjama = sleepwear

Pronunciation, grammar and lexis differ sometimes substantially from other variants of English existing on the territory of the British Isles. = Scottish Standard English Scottish English has a long tradition as a separate written and spoken variety. = Historical development The uniqueness of Scottish English can be explained by its historical development, shading into and compromising with both Scots and the usage of England and Ireland. = Variety influenced by historical factors Most people range from kinds of urban and rural Scots through mixed usage to kinds of Scottish Standard English. = Diversity in language usage

dorm (dormitory) = residence hall for students cert (certainty) = guaranteed outcome faculty (teaching staff) = all the teachers and other professional workers of a university or college roadster (motor-car for long journeys by road) = convertible car for road trips

Estuary English = House of Commons, BBC, City businessmen Yorkshire dialect = Yorkshire county New York dialect = New York City and northern New Jersey Inland North dialect = Great Lakes region

Northern division dialect = Includes New England settlement, New York, and beyond Midland division dialect = Divided into North Midland and South Midland speech Southern division dialect = Comprises southern two-thirds of Delaware, the eastern parts of Maryland, Virginia, and Gulf States African-American Vernacular English = Used in African-American communities in the USA

Yorkshire dialect = Mix of Anglo-Saxon speakers and Scandinavian settlers Inland North dialect = Generated by separation of Canada from the United States in the Great Lakes region Southern division dialect = Ethnic variety in the United States, influenced usage from coast to coast Estuary English = Found 'grouped in the middle ground', used in House of Commons and by members of Lords

North Midland speech = Extends from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Ohio and beyond South Midland speech = Starts from northern Delaware along the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and moves across Arkansas and Oklahoma Standard Midwestern speech = Used by American network television broadcasters African-American Vernacular English = Gained national prominence and influenced usage from coast to coast

American English = Incorporates several uniquely American terms, such as cold war and hot air Canadian English = Shares vocabulary with American English and British English, but has its own unique words like parkade and chesterfield Australian English = Incorporates elements of Aboriginal languages and has a unique set of diminutives like arvo and bikkie New Zealand English = Borrows many local words from the Maori population to describe the local flora, fauna, and natural environment

Cockney = London Estuary English = South-East of England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary Northern dialects = Northern and Midlands Midland dialects = Midland region of Great Britain

Australian English = Close to New Zealand English in pronunciation New Zealand English = Close to Australian English in pronunciation South African English = Bears some resemblance in pronunciation to a mix of Australian English and British English Indian English = Essentially British English in pronunciation

Words with the same form as in British English but different meanings = backward – 'shy'; to doubt – 'to believe strongly' Regionally marked words by older, often rural people = biddable – 'obedient'; feasant – 'affable' Nouns taken from Irish relating to food or the supernatural = banshee – 'fairy woman' from bean sidhe Words typical only of Irish English (Irishisms) = begorrah – 'by God'

American influence = Intrusion of Americanisms in press, radio, television Canadian influence = Incorporates elements from Canadian French and shares vocabulary with American English Australian influence = Incorporates elements of Aboriginal languages and distinctive vocabulary from other variants of English South African influence = Derives unique words and expressions from various African languages

Structured semantic fields different from British English = minor (ScE) denotes a person below the age of 18 years, while Scottish law distinguishes between pupils and minors Words with equivalents in British English = (ScE) extortion – (BrE) blackmail Distinctiveness from influence of other languages = Gaelic borrowings include cairn and sporran Words with the same form, but different meanings in Scottish English and British English = gate in Scottish English means 'road'

Canadian English = Intermediate between British English and American English in spelling New Zealand English = Uses the -ise ending exclusively, unlike Britons who use either -ise or -ize Australian English = Similar to British spelling except for the ending of -ise or -ize South African English = Has words derived from African languages that do not exist in British or American English

Tension between Scotland and England = Reflects an institutionalized social structure, noticeable in law, local government, religion, and education Tension between Highlands and Lowlands = Reflects problems of intelligibility that have no parallel elsewhere in Britain Tension between Protestants and Catholics = Greatly affected the development of Scottish English