Adjectival vs. Adverbial Clauses

Adjectival Clause

• It is a dependent clause
• It modifies nouns/pronouns in a sentence
• It gives more information about the modified noun/pronoun
• Adjectival clauses are introduced by relative pronouns
• Common relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that

Adverbial Clause

• It is a dependent clause
• It modifies verbs, adjectives, or adverbs in the main clause
• It gives information about how, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what condition something happens
• Adverbial clauses answer these questions: how, when, where, why, and under what condition

Adverbial Clause - Time

• Example: I will call you when I get home
• Adverbial Clause: when I get home
• Modifies: will call (When will I call you?)

Adverbial Clause - Cause/Reason

• Example: She was late because she missed the bus
• Adverbial Clause: because she missed the bus
• Modifies: was late (Why was she late?)

Adverbial Clause - Condition

• Example: I will go to the party if I finish my homework
• Adverbial Clause: if I finish my homework
• Modifies: will go (Under what condition will you go?)

Adverbial Clause - Place

• Example: We can sit wherever you feel comfortable
• Adverbial Clause: wherever you feel comfortable
• Modifies: can sit (Where can we sit?)

Adverbial Clause - Concession/Contrast

• Example: I decided to go although it was raining
• Adverbial Clause: although it was raining
• Modifies: decided to go (Why did you go despite the rain?)

Adverbial Clause - Manner

• Example: He sings as if he were a professional
• Adverbial Clause: as if he were a professional
• Modifies: sings (How does he sing?)

Adverbial Clause - Purpose

• Example: She studied hard so that she could pass the test
• Adverbial Clause: so that she could pass the test
• Modifies: studied hard (Why did she study hard?)

Common Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverbial Clauses

• Time: when, after, before, while, since, until, as soon as
• Cause/Reason: because, since, as
• Condition: if, unless, provided that, in case
• Concession/Contrast: although, though, even though, whereas
• Manner: as, as if, as though
• Place: where, wherever
• Purpose: so that, in order that

Hyperbole

• It is a figure of speech
• It uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect

Hyperbole Examples

• "I'm so tired I could sleep for a thousand years." (exaggerates tiredness)
• "She has a smile that could light up the entire world." (exaggerates smile's power)
• "This book weighs a ton!" (exaggerates weight)
• "I've waited forever for this moment." (exaggerates wait time)
• "He's faster than a speeding bullet." (exaggerates speed)

Litotes

• It is a figure of speech
• It uses double negatives or understatement
• It expresses a positive idea or emphasize a point

Litotes Examples

• "He's not bad at singing." (understates singing ability)
• "The meal wasn't terrible." (understates meal enjoyment)
• "She's not unkind." (understates kindness)
• "It's not the worst idea." (understates idea quality)
• "The test was not easy." (understates test difficulty)

Irony

• It is a literary device/figure of speech
• It shows a discrepancy or contrast between expectations and reality

Verbal Irony

• Saying something but meaning the opposite
• Is often sarcastic or humorous
• Example: "Oh, great! Another rainy day," said during a downpour

Situational Irony

• A discrepancy between what is expected and what happens.
• Example: A fire station burns down

Dramatic Irony

• The audience knows something the characters do not
• This creates tension, suspense, or humor
• Example: In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows Juliet isn't dead, but Romeo doesn't

Speech Techniques

• Pause for dramatic effect
• Use intonation and timbre
• Speak at an agreeable speed
• Make words stand out
• Project your voice

Paradox

• A statement that is self-contradictory
• It tells a truth

Flashback

• Interrupting the current action
• Showing a scene from the past
• Connecting past to the present

Imagery

• Descriptive language appealing to the senses
• Forms vivid mental pictures
• Enhances experience and makes text engaging and evocative

Types of Imagery

• Visual (sight): describing colors, shapes, sizes, appearance
• Auditory (sound): describing voices, noises, silence
• Olfactory (smell): describing scents/odors
• Gustatory (taste): describing flavors
• Tactile (touch): describing textures, physical sensations