A. ADHD and Autism
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Questions and Answers

What is a common first-line medication prescribed for ADHD?

  • Dextroamphetamine
  • Methylphenidate (correct)
  • Fluoxetine
  • Clonidine

Which behavior is NOT typically associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms?

  • Talking excessively
  • Interrupting others
  • Fidgeting with hands or feet
  • Organizing objects meticulously (correct)

Which of the following may be considered a differential diagnosis for ADHD?

  • Dermatological Disorders
  • Mood Disorders (correct)
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Skin Infections

What is a potential adverse effect of stimulant medication used for ADHD?

<p>Insomnia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments should be used in conjunction with medications for ADHD?

<p>Educational interventions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When initiating methylphenidate treatment, what is the typical starting dose recommended?

<p>5 mg in the morning and at lunch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the male-to-female ratio commonly seen in ADHD cases?

<p>2:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why alpha-2 agonists might be used as a second-line treatment in ADHD?

<p>They may assist children with coexisting tics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of forgetfulness associated with ADHD?

<p>Forgetting daily tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of ADHD in children?

<p>Excessive calmness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children are commonly affected by ADHD?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant environmental factor that may contribute to the development of ADHD?

<p>In utero exposure to neurotoxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the DSM-5, how many inattentive symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of ADHD?

<p>Six (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age must symptoms of ADHD be present before for a diagnosis?

<p>Before age 12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a common outcome for adults with ADHD?

<p>Life histories of academic failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom related to hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD?

<p>Excessive fidgeting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age are symptoms of autism spectrum disorder typically recognized?

<p>Between 12 and 24 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common repetitive behavior associated with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Spontaneous play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant prognostic factor in determining outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Functional language by age 5 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors might be observed in a child showing delayed language development related to autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Pulling individuals by the hand without eye contact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of having epilepsy as a comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Greater risk for suicide death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Pervasive difficulties with social communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom that may be seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Unusual communication patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an expected behavior in the early developmental stages of autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Carrying toys around without playing with them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders typically manifest?

<p>Before the child enters school (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder related to autism spectrum disorder?

<p>They are often diagnosed together but are distinct disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the social interests of individuals with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>They may reject others or demonstrate atypical social interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder based on social interaction?

<p>Persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors may individuals with autism spectrum disorder exhibit?

<p>Restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a feature of autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Ability to engage in complex social exchanges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might older children and adults with autism struggle with in terms of social interaction?

<p>Processing complex social cues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may show a preference for which type of activities?

<p>Solitary activities or interacting with younger or older individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ADHD

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.

ADHD prevalence

Common in childhood (10%) and adolescence, and continues into adulthood in around 50% of cases.

ADHD etiology

Multiple factors can contribute (genetics, environment), such as exposure to toxins, low birth weight, or childhood trauma.

ADHD diagnosis (children)

Clinical history, DSM-5 criteria (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity). Symptoms present for more than 6 months in two or more settings.

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Inattentiveness (ADHD)

Difficulty focusing, easily distracted, problems following instructions, disorganization, avoiding tasks requiring concentration.

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Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (ADHD)

Excessive activity, inappropriate talking, interrupting others, impulsive actions.

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DSM-5 criteria

Diagnostic criteria, usually used in diagnosing ADHD in children. Needs some adjustments when used in adults.

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Inattention Symptoms (ADHD)

Problems sustaining attention, making careless mistakes, struggling to follow instructions, disorganization, avoiding tasks requiring mental focus.

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ADHD Symptoms

At least six hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, such as fidgeting, difficulty staying still, excessive running, talking excessively, interrupting, etc.

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DSM-V Criteria

Diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.

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Differential Diagnosis

Distinguishing ADHD from other conditions like Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Mood Disorders, and Substance Use Disorder.

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ADHD Treatment

A multimodal approach combining medication and behavioral interventions.

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Methylphenidate

Stimulant medication commonly used to treat ADHD, effective in improving attention and focus.

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Stimulants

Medication class for ADHD that increases levels of neurochemicals in the brain associated with attention and focus.

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Alpha 2 Agonists

Medication class for ADHD used as second-line treatment or as adjunctive therapy, particularly for children who do not respond well to stimulants or have co-occurring conditions.

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ADHD Medication Dosage

Medication dose starts with a low dose; it is gradually increased over a period of weeks to ensure efficacy and safety.It depends on the response to the treatment.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, present from early childhood and impacting daily functioning.

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions appearing during development, often before school age, characterized by developmental differences or deficits in brain processes, affecting personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

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Social Communication Impairments (ASD)

Persistent challenges in reciprocal social interaction, communication, and understanding social cues in individuals with ASD.

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Repetitive Behaviors (ASD)

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities that are a defining feature of ASD.

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Social-Emotional Reciprocity

The ability to understand and respond appropriately to complex social cues and emotions. A key area of difficulty for some with ASD.

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Language Deficits (ASD)

Difficulties with language, from no speech to delays, comprehension issues, unusual language, or overly literal language in individuals with ASD.

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Motor Stereotypies

Repetitive movements like hand flapping or finger flicking.

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Repetitive Object Use

Repeating actions with objects, like spinning coins or lining up toys.

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Repetitive Speech

Repeating words or phrases, like echolalia or unusual word use.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Onset

Symptoms usually appear around age 12-24 months, but can be earlier with severe delays or later for subtle cases.

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Early ASD Symptoms

Often include delayed language, lack of social interest, unusual social interactions, odd play patterns, and unusual communication patterns.

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ASD Prognosis Factors

Presence/absence of intellectual disabilities and language impairment (functional language by age 5) are key prognostic factors; and additional mental health problems.

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ASD and Epilepsy Comorbidity

Individuals with ASD and epilepsy have a higher risk of intellectual disability and lower verbal ability compared to those without ASD.

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Differential Diagnosis

Differentiating ASD from other conditions, like ADHD.

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Study Notes

Common ADHD Medications

  • Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) is a commonly prescribed first-line medication for ADHD.

ADHD Symptoms

  • Talking excessively is NOT typically associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.

Differential Diagnosis

  • Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) can be considered a differential diagnosis for ADHD.

Potential Adverse Effects of Stimulant Medication

  • Decreased appetite is a potential adverse effect of stimulant medication used for ADHD.

Treatment of ADHD

  • Behavioral therapy should be used in conjunction with medications for ADHD.

Methylphenidate Dosage

  • The typical starting dose for methylphenidate treatment is 5 mg.

ADHD Prevalence

  • The male-to-female ratio commonly seen in ADHD cases is approximately 2:1.

Alpha-2 Agonists in ADHD Treatment

  • Alpha-2 agonists might be used as a second-line treatment in ADHD because of their potential efficacy in reducing impulsivity.

ADHD Symptom: Forgetfulness

  • Difficulty remembering appointments is a symptom of forgetfulness associated with ADHD.

ADHD Symptoms in Children

  • Being overly sensitive to touch is NOT a symptom of ADHD in children.

Prevalence of ADHD in Children

  • 5-10% of children are commonly affected by ADHD.

Environmental Factors in ADHD Development

  • Prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco is a significant environmental factor that may contribute to the development of ADHD.

ADHD Diagnostic Criteria

  • According to the DSM-5, at least six inattentive symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of ADHD.

Age of Onset for ADHD Diagnosis

  • Symptoms of ADHD must be present before the age of 12 for a diagnosis.

Outcomes for Adults with ADHD

  • Difficulties with relationships is a common outcome for adults with ADHD.

ADHD Symptom: Hyperactivity/Impulsivity

  • Fidgeting and squirming is a symptom related to hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD.

Age of Recognition of Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are typically recognized by age 2 or 3.

Repetitive Behaviors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Picking at skin is NOT a common repetitive behavior associated with autism spectrum disorder.

Prognostic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Early intervention and supportive therapies are a significant prognostic factor in determining outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Delayed Language Development in Autism

  • Repeating phrases or words is a behavior that may be observed in a child showing delayed language development related to autism spectrum disorder.

Comorbid Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Epilepsy as a comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder can potentially increase the severity of both conditions.

Defining Characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts is a defining characteristic of autism spectrum disorder.

Characteristic Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities is a characteristic symptom that may be seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Early Developmental Stages of Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Delayed language development is an expected behavior in the early developmental stages of autism spectrum disorder.

Manifestation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  • Symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders typically manifest during early childhood.

Relationship between ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • ADHD and autism spectrum disorder can coexist in some individuals.

Social Interests of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Narrow and intense interests best describes the social interests of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Social Interaction

  • Difficulties initiating or maintaining social interactions are one of the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder based on social interaction.

Behaviors of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may exhibit unusual sensory sensitivities .

Features of Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Hypersensitivity to sounds is NOT typically a feature of autism spectrum disorder.

Social Interaction Challenges for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Older children and adults with autism may struggle with understanding social cues and sarcasm.

Activity Preferences of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may show a preference for routine and predictable activities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) regarding its symptoms, differential diagnoses, and treatments. This quiz covers key aspects from medication types to behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD, as well as prevalence rates and environmental factors. Perfect for students or professionals studying psychology or psychiatry.

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