Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these systems is known to be dysregulated in the addicted brain?
Which of these systems is known to be dysregulated in the addicted brain?
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Brain stress system (corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) system)
- Neuropeptide Y system
- All of the above (correct)
What is the 'dark side' of addiction, according to Koob?
What is the 'dark side' of addiction, according to Koob?
- The increased risk of relapse and dependence
- The decreased ability to experience pleasure from non-addictive rewards
- The inability of the reward system to return to its normal state (correct)
- The heightened sensitivity to stress and anxiety
What is the main focus of Everitt and Robbins' model of addiction?
What is the main focus of Everitt and Robbins' model of addiction?
- The role of dopamine in addiction
- The biological underpinnings of addiction
- The transition from voluntary actions to compulsive actions (correct)
- The role of stress systems in addiction
According to Koob's model, what happens to the brain's reward system in the initial stages of addiction?
According to Koob's model, what happens to the brain's reward system in the initial stages of addiction?
What is the primary role of the brain stress systems, according to the 'Anti-Reward' theory?
What is the primary role of the brain stress systems, according to the 'Anti-Reward' theory?
How does Hyman describe addiction?
How does Hyman describe addiction?
What are the two main categories of changes occurring in the brain during addiction, according to Koob's model?
What are the two main categories of changes occurring in the brain during addiction, according to Koob's model?
What is the function of neuropeptide Y in the brain?
What is the function of neuropeptide Y in the brain?
What is the primary focus of the provided text?
What is the primary focus of the provided text?
What is the central argument of the text regarding Internet pornography addiction?
What is the central argument of the text regarding Internet pornography addiction?
What is the significance of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) expanding its definition of addiction in 2011?
What is the significance of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) expanding its definition of addiction in 2011?
What are the key brain circuits implicated in addiction?
What are the key brain circuits implicated in addiction?
What is the primary distinction between substance and behavioral addictions according to the text?
What is the primary distinction between substance and behavioral addictions according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of a behavioral addiction in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of a behavioral addiction in the text?
What does the text suggest regarding the future of research on addiction?
What does the text suggest regarding the future of research on addiction?
What is meant by the phrase "revolutionary paradigm shift" in the first paragraph?
What is meant by the phrase "revolutionary paradigm shift" in the first paragraph?
What is the proposed diagnostic approach for Internet Addiction (IA)?
What is the proposed diagnostic approach for Internet Addiction (IA)?
Which aspect of internet-related experiences helps to sustain or increase user arousal?
Which aspect of internet-related experiences helps to sustain or increase user arousal?
What term describes stimuli that can override evolutionary responses according to Tinbergen?
What term describes stimuli that can override evolutionary responses according to Tinbergen?
What is consistent across concepts of Specific Problematic Internet Use (SPIU) and Specific Internet Addiction (SIA)?
What is consistent across concepts of Specific Problematic Internet Use (SPIU) and Specific Internet Addiction (SIA)?
Which of the following was suggested to enhance the DSM-5's approach to internet behaviors?
Which of the following was suggested to enhance the DSM-5's approach to internet behaviors?
What is a common trigger for activating the brain's reward system during internet use?
What is a common trigger for activating the brain's reward system during internet use?
What impact do some internet activities have on users due to unending stimulation?
What impact do some internet activities have on users due to unending stimulation?
Which of the following factors is highlighted as significant in maintaining engagement with addictive internet activities?
Which of the following factors is highlighted as significant in maintaining engagement with addictive internet activities?
Which type of Internet activity is most widely studied as a form of addiction?
Which type of Internet activity is most widely studied as a form of addiction?
What confusion did the APA contribute to in their classification of Internet disorders?
What confusion did the APA contribute to in their classification of Internet disorders?
How many of the 14 references provided by the APA for Internet gaming disorder specifically focused on gaming?
How many of the 14 references provided by the APA for Internet gaming disorder specifically focused on gaming?
What is the main argument made by Brand, Young, and Laier regarding the APA's focus?
What is the main argument made by Brand, Young, and Laier regarding the APA's focus?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between Internet addiction and gaming addiction?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between Internet addiction and gaming addiction?
What was notable about one of the references the APA used to support their diagnosis?
What was notable about one of the references the APA used to support their diagnosis?
What perspective did Guangheng Dong take regarding Internet gaming disorder?
What perspective did Guangheng Dong take regarding Internet gaming disorder?
Which activity, aside from gaming, was mentioned as potentially having addiction value?
Which activity, aside from gaming, was mentioned as potentially having addiction value?
What was the main difference in exposure duration between the studies by Prause et al. and the reviewed study regarding internet pornography?
What was the main difference in exposure duration between the studies by Prause et al. and the reviewed study regarding internet pornography?
Which of the following statements describes the findings regarding brain activation in heavy viewers of internet pornography?
Which of the following statements describes the findings regarding brain activation in heavy viewers of internet pornography?
Why is the omission of the Voon et al. study considered significant in the reviewed study?
Why is the omission of the Voon et al. study considered significant in the reviewed study?
What did ASAM assert about all manifestations of addiction?
What did ASAM assert about all manifestations of addiction?
What common element tied together the studies reviewed in the paper?
What common element tied together the studies reviewed in the paper?
What was the conclusion regarding excessive use of the Internet and gaming disorders?
What was the conclusion regarding excessive use of the Internet and gaming disorders?
What method was used in most of the studies reviewed for measuring addiction's impact?
What method was used in most of the studies reviewed for measuring addiction's impact?
Which of the following concepts was described as 'biologically and behaviorally inconsistent'?
Which of the following concepts was described as 'biologically and behaviorally inconsistent'?
What significant change did the APA make regarding the naming of the chapter on substance disorders in the DSM-5?
What significant change did the APA make regarding the naming of the chapter on substance disorders in the DSM-5?
Why was Gambling Disorder moved to the Non-Substance-Related Disorders subchapter?
Why was Gambling Disorder moved to the Non-Substance-Related Disorders subchapter?
What condition was placed in Section 3 of the DSM-5 for further study?
What condition was placed in Section 3 of the DSM-5 for further study?
What was the APA's stance on excessive use of the Internet not involving gaming?
What was the APA's stance on excessive use of the Internet not involving gaming?
What did the APA note about the neurological impact of gaming on individuals?
What did the APA note about the neurological impact of gaming on individuals?
What major distinction did the DSM-5 make about Internet Gaming Disorder compared to general Internet Addiction?
What major distinction did the DSM-5 make about Internet Gaming Disorder compared to general Internet Addiction?
Why might the APA's definition of Internet Addiction be considered inconsistent?
Why might the APA's definition of Internet Addiction be considered inconsistent?
What aspect of pipeline research did the APA request regarding Internet Addiction?
What aspect of pipeline research did the APA request regarding Internet Addiction?
Flashcards
Behavioral Addiction
Behavioral Addiction
A type of addiction that involves behaviors activating reward systems similar to substance abuse.
DSM-5
DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used for diagnosing mental health conditions.
Gambling Disorder
Gambling Disorder
A behavioral addiction recognized in DSM-5, previously known as Pathological Gambling.
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)
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Reward Systems
Reward Systems
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Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
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APA's Differential Diagnosis
APA's Differential Diagnosis
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Internet Addiction (IA)
Internet Addiction (IA)
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Opponent-Process Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
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Anti-Reward Theory
Anti-Reward Theory
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Dynorphin
Dynorphin
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Allostatic State
Allostatic State
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Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y
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Relapse Vulnerability
Relapse Vulnerability
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Pathological Usurpation
Pathological Usurpation
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Habitual Actions
Habitual Actions
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Heterogeneous Spectrum
Heterogeneous Spectrum
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Conflation of Concepts
Conflation of Concepts
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Peered-Reviewed Journals
Peered-Reviewed Journals
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Research Confusion
Research Confusion
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Guangheng Dong
Guangheng Dong
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Internet Addiction
Internet Addiction
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Internet Gaming Disorder
Internet Gaming Disorder
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Addiction Model
Addiction Model
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Neuroscientific Studies
Neuroscientific Studies
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ASAM Definition of Addiction
ASAM Definition of Addiction
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Pathological Pursuit
Pathological Pursuit
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Cue Reactivity Paradigm
Cue Reactivity Paradigm
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Brain Activation
Brain Activation
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Neuroimaging Measures
Neuroimaging Measures
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Substance Abuse Comparison
Substance Abuse Comparison
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ASAM Statement
ASAM Statement
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Excessive Internet Use
Excessive Internet Use
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Psychosocial Behaviors
Psychosocial Behaviors
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Neuroscience of Addiction
Neuroscience of Addiction
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Specific Problematic Internet Use (SPIU)
Specific Problematic Internet Use (SPIU)
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Specific Internet Addiction (SIA)
Specific Internet Addiction (SIA)
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Supernormal stimuli
Supernormal stimuli
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Tinbergen's artificial eggs
Tinbergen's artificial eggs
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Reward system activation
Reward system activation
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Study Notes
Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction
- Many behaviors can lead to loss of control and addiction-like symptoms, affecting reward circuitry similar to substance abuse.
- Neuroscience research suggests that internet addiction, including internet pornography use, has similar neural processes to substance use addiction.
- The APA recognized internet gaming disorder as a potentially addictive behavior in 2013. Other internet behaviors, like internet pornography use, were not specifically addressed.
- This review aims to address the neuroscience of internet pornography addiction (IPA) and connect the findings to existing addiction models.
Introduction
- Addiction is now understood as a chronic disease of the brain affecting reward, motivation, memory circuitry, and related social/spiritual elements.
- The ASAM (American Society of Addiction Medicine) expanded addiction's definition in 2011 to include behaviors and substances.
- The DSM-5 acknowledges behavioral addiction, including gambling disorder. There is now growing neuroscientific support for recognizing behavioral addictions, including Internet use, comparable to substance use disorders.
- The APA's recognition of IGD (Internet Gaming Disorder) led to a focus on subtypes of internet addiction, but other excessive internet use (e.g., social media, pornography) hasn't been extensively reviewed, unlike Internet gaming.
Methods
- A comprehensive literature review used various databases and criteria.
- Studies focused on neurobiology of addiction, addiction in general, gambling disorder, internet addiction, and, in particular, internet pornography addiction.
- Relevant studies were published in peer-reviewed journals within a specified time period.
Neurobiology of Addiction
- The mesolimbic dopamine pathway, crucial to reward processing, is affected by addictive substances and behaviors. This system's engagement by internet use (especially internet pornography) is discussed
- Addiction progresses through sequential stages: binge/intoxication, withdrawal, and preoccupation/anticipation.
- Repeated addictive behaviors can cause lasting changes in the brain's reward system, resulting in excessive wanting, loss of control, and compulsive behavior.
- The anti-reward system, working in conjunction with the reward system, mitigates addictive behaviors.
- Learning and habit development are central to addiction, involving classical and instrumental conditioning.
Neurobiology of Internet Addiction (specifically Internet Pornography Addiction)
- Studies link internet pornography addiction to neurobiological processes similar to substance use disorders.
- Brain imaging studies show overlapping neural activity in areas associated with reward and craving in both substance and behavioral addiction.
- Some studies show blunted responses to non-addictive stimuli in internet addicts, mirroring tolerance effects observed in substance addiction.
- Studies suggest that frequent internet pornography use may result in desensitization to sexual stimuli, similar to tolerance in substance use, leading to a need for more intense stimulation to achieve the same effect.
- Neuropsychological tests show impairments in executive functioning (e.g., attention, working memory) in internet pornography users, potentially due to increased wanting for pornography.
- Genetic components may also play a role in vulnerability to Internet pornography addiction.
Conclusions
- The reviewed studies highlight neural parallels between internet-related behaviors and substance use disorders, supporting a view that internet pornography addiction fits into a broader framework of addiction.
- A comprehensive understanding of internet pornography addiction needs to account for both the neurobiological and behavioral aspects, acknowledging similarities to substance use disorders.
- Further research is needed to solidify a better understanding of IPA, including clinical trials and longitudinal studies.
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