Adaptive Immunity Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of T cells is responsible for detecting intracellular infections?

  • Helper T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
  • CD4 T cells
  • CD8 T cells (correct)
  • What is the process called when naïve T cells proliferate upon activation?

  • Antigen presentation
  • Clonal expansion (correct)
  • Cellular migration
  • Differentiation
  • Which of the following statements about CD4 T cells is correct?

  • They are involved in detecting intracellular infections.
  • They exclusively interact with MHC Class I molecules.
  • They only differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
  • They can differentiate into either Helper T cells or Regulatory T cells. (correct)
  • In which compartment are extracellular antigens presented by MHC Class II molecules processed?

    <p>Extracellular fluid through endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are viral peptides presented on MHC Class I molecules?

    <p>Proteasomal degradation followed by TAP transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the mode of T cells when they are searching for antigens in the body?

    <p>Surveillance Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cell is analogous to 'military police' in the immune system?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CD8 T cells following their differentiation?

    <p>To kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the initial response to an infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>By producing antibodies immediately upon re-exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?

    <p>Secrete antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of an antibody?

    <p>Two heavy chains and two light chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows T cells to recognize foreign antigens?

    <p>Antigen display via MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal areas, like the gut and respiratory tract?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>Facilitate communication between immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CD4 TH2 cells in the immune system?

    <p>Facilitate the production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma cells?

    <p>Secrete antibodies into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Immunoglobulin M (IgM)?

    <p>The first antibody produced in an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>They provide long-term immunity after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for neutralizing viruses?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

    <p>It is important for mucosal defense and is often secreted as a dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by regulatory T cells to minimize inflammation?

    <p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the lag phase of antibody response?

    <p>No antibody is detectable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Immunoglobulin E (IgE) from other immunoglobulins?

    <p>It is critical for anti-parasite responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is known for its ability to activate the complement cascade?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasma cells play in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>They secrete antibodies into the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between TH2 cells and B cells during an immune response?

    <p>TH2 cells provide the necessary signals for B cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies exert their biological effects?

    <p>Through their Fc fragment that mediates immune functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adaptive Immunity

    • T cells detect processed antigen fragments displayed on the surface of other cells in association with MHC molecules
    • B cells detect whole antigens (proteins) on the surface of pathogens in the extracellular fluid
    • B Cells produce antibodies
    • T Cells produce cytokines (immunological hormones)
    • MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments of antigen from the cytoplasm
    • MHC class II molecules present peptide fragments of antigen from the tissue fluid
    • CD8 T cells interact with MHC Class I : peptides - detect intracellular infection
    • CD4 T cells interact with MHC Class II : peptides - detect extracellular infection
    • Naïve T cells are in surveillance mode
    • Activated T cells are in attack mode
    • CD8 T cells differentiate into killer T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL))
    • CD4 T cells differentiate into helper T cells or regulatory T cells

    Macrophages

    • Interferon gamma is required to 'hulkify' macrophages.

    Antibody-mediated Immunity

    • Antigen is recognised by B cells via B cell receptors
    • Plasma cells are antibody secreting factories, they develop in germinal centres of lymph nodes
    • Plasma cells migrate to medullary cords of lymph nodes and secrete antibody into efferent lymph > blood
    • Plasma cells can remain in the lymph node and fire antibody out into the circulation to act at the site of infection
    • Antibody is made of two light chains and two heavy chains

    Types of Immunoglobulin

    • Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is the first antibody produced and is a pentamer
    • IgM is good at triggering the complement cascade
    • Immunoglobulin (Ig) G is produced after receiving TH2-cell help
    • IgG is a neutralising antibody
    • IgG enhances phagocytosis of bacteria
    • IgG triggers complement activation
    • Immunoglobulin (Ig) A is produced by B cells in the MALT and secreted onto the mucosal surface as a dimer
    • IgA is very important for the mucosal defence
    • Immunoglobulin (Ig) E is produced by B cells in response to parasite infections
    • IgE binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells
    • IgE enhances parasite killing response
    • Mast cells have receptors for IgE (FceR)
    • IgE triggers degranulation of mast cells
    • Eosinophils and mast cells gang up on parasites to overtake them
    • IgM is the first antibody produced (agglutination and complement activation)
    • IgG is produced to neutralize viruses and aid in response to bacteria (enhanced phagocytosis and complement activation)
    • IgA is produced for mucosal defence (neutralizing antibody)
    • IgE is produced for anti-parasite defence to aid mast cell and eosinophil response (assist degranulation)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the roles of T cells and B cells in adaptive immunity, highlighting their interactions with MHC molecules and their functions in detecting infections. It also discusses the differentiation of T cells and the importance of macrophages in the immune response.

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