Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which biological event initiates the adaptive immune response?
Which biological event initiates the adaptive immune response?
- The activation of complement pathways by antibodies.
- The release of cytokines by infected cells.
- The phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages.
- The recognition of a target pathogen. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that the immune system defends against?
Which of the following is an example of a pathogen that the immune system defends against?
- A cancerous cell.
- A bacterium. (correct)
- A non-infectious environmental toxin.
- A transplanted organ.
What must occur after the first recognition step in an immune response?
What must occur after the first recognition step in an immune response?
- Direct antibody production.
- Immediate apoptosis of the infected cell.
- The initiation of a signaling cascade. (correct)
- Inhibition of further immune cell recruitment.
Why is a diverse array of cells and molecules necessary within the immune system?
Why is a diverse array of cells and molecules necessary within the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five broad categories of pathogens?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five broad categories of pathogens?
An 'antigen' is best described as:
An 'antigen' is best described as:
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a pathogen from a non-pathogenic organism?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes a pathogen from a non-pathogenic organism?
Effective defense against pathogens relies on:
Effective defense against pathogens relies on:
Which of the following best describes the primary function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
How does the immune system differentiate between 'self' and 'non-self'?
How does the immune system differentiate between 'self' and 'non-self'?
What is the role of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the immune response?
What is the role of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the immune response?
Which type of molecules can function as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?
Which type of molecules can function as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system's response to a microbial invasion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system's response to a microbial invasion?
What is the primary difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems in recognizing threats?
What is the primary difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems in recognizing threats?
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity best explains the ability to generate a targeted response against a specific virus without affecting other pathogens?
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity best explains the ability to generate a targeted response against a specific virus without affecting other pathogens?
A patient's immune system is failing to clear an intracellular bacterial infection. Which type of adaptive immune response is most likely impaired?
A patient's immune system is failing to clear an intracellular bacterial infection. Which type of adaptive immune response is most likely impaired?
If a newly discovered bacterium has a unique cell wall component not found in mammals, what immunological role would this component likely play?
If a newly discovered bacterium has a unique cell wall component not found in mammals, what immunological role would this component likely play?
Why is the recognition of 'non-self' so critical for the function of the immune system?
Why is the recognition of 'non-self' so critical for the function of the immune system?
Why is nonreactivity to self crucial for adaptive immunity?
Why is nonreactivity to self crucial for adaptive immunity?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the innate immune response?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the innate immune response?
How do antibodies contribute to the eradication of extracellular microbes?
How do antibodies contribute to the eradication of extracellular microbes?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological barrier in the innate immune system?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological barrier in the innate immune system?
Consider a scenario where a patient is infected with a virus that invades and replicates inside cells. Which immune mechanism is most effective in clearing this infection?
Consider a scenario where a patient is infected with a virus that invades and replicates inside cells. Which immune mechanism is most effective in clearing this infection?
A researcher is investigating a new vaccine. What immunological characteristic should the vaccine ideally stimulate to provide long-lasting protection?
A researcher is investigating a new vaccine. What immunological characteristic should the vaccine ideally stimulate to provide long-lasting protection?
How do secreted antibodies primarily contribute to adaptive immunity against extracellular microbes?
How do secreted antibodies primarily contribute to adaptive immunity against extracellular microbes?
A patient's immune system is reacting to a broad range of pathogens with a rapid, non-specific response. Which type of immunity is primarily involved?
A patient's immune system is reacting to a broad range of pathogens with a rapid, non-specific response. Which type of immunity is primarily involved?
A child is diagnosed with a genetic defect that impairs the development of T lymphocytes. Which immune function would be most affected by this deficiency?
A child is diagnosed with a genetic defect that impairs the development of T lymphocytes. Which immune function would be most affected by this deficiency?
What is a key difference in the recognition mechanisms of innate versus adaptive immunity?
What is a key difference in the recognition mechanisms of innate versus adaptive immunity?
If a patient has a deficiency in phagocyte function, which adaptive immune response element would compensate to enhance the microbicidal abilities?
If a patient has a deficiency in phagocyte function, which adaptive immune response element would compensate to enhance the microbicidal abilities?
If a person is infected with a virus for the first time, which immune response will initially attempt to clear the infection?
If a person is infected with a virus for the first time, which immune response will initially attempt to clear the infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity that is NOT present in innate immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity that is NOT present in innate immunity?
How does the lack of memory in innate immunity affect the body's response to repeat infections?
How does the lack of memory in innate immunity affect the body's response to repeat infections?
What percentage range do CD4+ Treg cells typically constitute within the peripheral CD4+ T cell population?
What percentage range do CD4+ Treg cells typically constitute within the peripheral CD4+ T cell population?
Which type of immune deficiency arises from genetic abnormalities in immune system components?
Which type of immune deficiency arises from genetic abnormalities in immune system components?
Which of the following describes passive immunity?
Which of the following describes passive immunity?
In what way does advanced age typically affect susceptibility to infectious diseases?
In what way does advanced age typically affect susceptibility to infectious diseases?
How do elevated steroid levels during pregnancy impact a person's susceptibility to infections?
How do elevated steroid levels during pregnancy impact a person's susceptibility to infections?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in immune regulation?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in immune regulation?
What is the primary impact of severe protein deficiency on cell-mediated immune responses?
What is the primary impact of severe protein deficiency on cell-mediated immune responses?
What could happen in the absence of proper immune regulation?
What could happen in the absence of proper immune regulation?
Which of the following is an example of acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency?
Which of the following is an example of acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency?
In what way do innate and adaptive immunity differ?
In what way do innate and adaptive immunity differ?
What is the purpose of positive and negative selection in the thymus?
What is the purpose of positive and negative selection in the thymus?
How do corticosteroid hormones affect the host's resistance to infections?
How do corticosteroid hormones affect the host's resistance to infections?
In cases of severe nutritional problems, which type of immunity is generally more affected?
In cases of severe nutritional problems, which type of immunity is generally more affected?
How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?
How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?
The adaptive immune system often encounters self molecules that were not present during receptor selection within the thymus. What mechanisms are in place to deal with this?
The adaptive immune system often encounters self molecules that were not present during receptor selection within the thymus. What mechanisms are in place to deal with this?
What is the likely result if the adaptive immune system attacks all non-self epitopes to which we are constantly exposed?
What is the likely result if the adaptive immune system attacks all non-self epitopes to which we are constantly exposed?
Flashcards
Immune System Events
Immune System Events
Two crucial biological processes involved in the immune response.
Pathogen
Pathogen
Any organism that can cause disease, including viruses and bacteria.
Types of Immune Response
Types of Immune Response
The immune system can mount different types of responses to pathogens.
Active Immunity
Active Immunity
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Pathogen Categories
Pathogen Categories
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Antigen
Antigen
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Recognition Process
Recognition Process
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Non-self
Non-self
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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
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Innate immune system
Innate immune system
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Adaptive immune system
Adaptive immune system
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Self vs Non-self distinction
Self vs Non-self distinction
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Microbial invasion response
Microbial invasion response
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Soluble receptors
Soluble receptors
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Innate Immune Response
Innate Immune Response
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Adaptive Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
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Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity
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Types of Barriers in Innate Immunity
Types of Barriers in Innate Immunity
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Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity
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Nonspecific Recognition
Nonspecific Recognition
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Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
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No Memory in Innate Immunity
No Memory in Innate Immunity
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Clonal expansion
Clonal expansion
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Phagocytes
Phagocytes
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Memory cells
Memory cells
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Secreted Antibodies
Secreted Antibodies
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Diversity of response
Diversity of response
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Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
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Nonreactivity to self
Nonreactivity to self
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CD4+ Treg cells
CD4+ Treg cells
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CD8+ suppressor cells
CD8+ suppressor cells
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Immunodeficiency diseases
Immunodeficiency diseases
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Acquired immunodeficiency
Acquired immunodeficiency
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Factors influencing immune response
Factors influencing immune response
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Age effect on immunity
Age effect on immunity
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Hormonal influences on immunity
Hormonal influences on immunity
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Nutrition and immunity
Nutrition and immunity
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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T Cells
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Positive Selection
Positive Selection
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Negative Selection
Negative Selection
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Immune Regulation
Immune Regulation
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Study Notes
Cellular Mechanisms of Immune Response
- The lecture is titled "Cellular mechanisms of immune response"
- The lecture is part of CLN 372 (Nutritional Immunology)
- The lecturer is Dr. May Alsayb
- The learning outcomes for Part 1 include:
- Understanding two important biological events of the immune system
- Differentiating between types of immune response
- Differentiating between active and passive immunities
The Two Important Biological Events of the Immune System
- Recognition of the target pathogen:
- Any organism with the potential to cause disease
- Five broad categories: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions
- Each with different mechanisms of transmission, infection, and reproduction
- Effective defense against the pathogen:
- Wide variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms for effective recognition and defense strategies
Recognition of the Target Pathogen
- Recognition is based on identifying differences between "self" and "non-self"
- Pathogens (non-self) have unique chemical structures:
- Microbial lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
- These structures are collectively termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- Immune cells recognize PAMPs via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Recognition of the Target Pathogen (continued)
- The immune system distinguishes "self" from "non-self"
- Both innate and adaptive immune systems use cell-surface and soluble receptors to detect potential threats
- Innate immune cells respond rapidly to microbial invasion
Types of Immune Response
- Innate immunity:
- Provides immediate protection against microbial invasion
- Comprises four defensive barriers (anatomic, physiological, phagocytic, inflammatory)
- Adaptive immunity:
- Develops more slowly
- Provides more specialized defense against infections
Innate Immune Response (Natural Immunity)
- Provides early defense against infection
- Four types of defensive barriers:
- Anatomic or physical (skin, mucous membranes)
- Physiological (temperature, pH, complement, cytokines)
- Phagocytic (neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes)
- Inflammatory events
- Characteristics:
- Nonspecific: recognizes molecules shared by related microbes and damaged host cells
- No memory
- Limited diversity
Adaptive Immune Response (Acquired Immunity)
- Adaptive immune system strategies to combat most microbes:
- Antibodies: bind to extracellular microbes, blocking infection and promoting destruction by phagocytes
- Phagocytosis: phagocytes ingest and kill microbes; antibodies and helper T cells enhance phagocytic abilities
- Cell killing: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) destroy infected cells
Adaptive Immune Response (Acquired Immunity, continued)
- Adaptive immunity consists of:
- Humoral immunity: antibodies neutralize and eradicate extracellular microbes and toxins
- Cell-mediated immunity: T lymphocytes eradicate intracellular microbes
- Characteristics:
- Clonal expansion: increases the number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to combat microbes
- Specificity: ensures the immune response targets the specific microbe
- Memory: increases the ability to combat repeat infections
- Diversity: enables the immune system to respond to a wide variety of antigens
- Nonreactivity to self: prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens
Immunological Defense Strategies
- The immune system's strategy depends on the microbe's nature and the infection site (intracellular or extracellular)
- Extracellular pathogens: are directly exposed to antibodies, complement, phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), and eosinophils
- Intracellular pathogens: are targeted by interferons to block replication and killer cells that induce apoptosis of the infected cells
Active and Passive Immunities
- Active immunity: host response to a microbe or microbial antigen; confers immunity with memory
- Passive immunity: adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe; does not confer immunity with memory. (e.g., during pregnancy)
Innate and Adaptive Immunity Summary
- Innate immunity is the initial response, quick, non-specific and has no memory.
- Adaptive immunity is slower to respond, highly specific, and has memory, leading to faster responses upon re-exposure.
Immune Regulation
- Immune system functions correctly (physiological conditions) to recognize and attack non-self proteins while leaving self proteins unharmed
- Positive and negative selection mechanisms eliminate self-reactive T and B cells during development. Some potentially harmful self-reactive cells may arise later.
- Unregulated adaptive immune responses are harmful causing a constant state of immunologic outrage.
Factors Influencing Immune Response
- Immunodeficiency: a defect in the immune system, can be congenital(primary) or acquired (secondary)
- Age: very young or very old are more susceptible to infections.
- Hormones: endocrine disorders, pregnancy hormone levels can affect immune responses
- Nutrition: malnutrition can reduce cell-mediated and humoral immunity
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Description
Test your knowledge of the adaptive immune response, pathogens, and antigens. Explore the role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in immune defense. Understand how the immune system differentiates between 'self' and 'non-self'.
