Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with chronic pain?
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with chronic pain?
- Does not always have an identifiable cause
- Fast onset (correct)
- Long duration of greater than 3 months
- Intermittent or continuous
Cancer pain can be relieved in 90% of patients with simple interventions.
Cancer pain can be relieved in 90% of patients with simple interventions.
True (A)
What type of pain is phantom limb pain classified as?
What type of pain is phantom limb pain classified as?
Neuropathic Pain
Acute pain typically diminishes as the injury __________.
Acute pain typically diminishes as the injury __________.
Which of the following is a common risk associated with opioid analgesics?
Which of the following is a common risk associated with opioid analgesics?
Match the type of pain with its description:
Match the type of pain with its description:
Neuropathic pain serves a purpose for the body's warning system.
Neuropathic pain serves a purpose for the body's warning system.
What are two examples of opioid analgesics?
What are two examples of opioid analgesics?
Which of the following is a common reason patients may choose non-opioids over opioids?
Which of the following is a common reason patients may choose non-opioids over opioids?
Opioid toxicity can lead to respiratory depression but is reversible with timely administration of naloxone.
Opioid toxicity can lead to respiratory depression but is reversible with timely administration of naloxone.
Name the condition characterized by a decrease in blood pressure when changing positions.
Name the condition characterized by a decrease in blood pressure when changing positions.
The antidote for opioid toxicity is called __________.
The antidote for opioid toxicity is called __________.
Match the types of pain with their characteristics:
Match the types of pain with their characteristics:
What is the primary use of acetaminophen?
What is the primary use of acetaminophen?
Diaphoresis refers to the body’s ability to retain heat.
Diaphoresis refers to the body’s ability to retain heat.
What is one common symptom of opioid toxicity?
What is one common symptom of opioid toxicity?
The four mechanisms of heat transfer are __________, convection, evaporation, and conduction.
The four mechanisms of heat transfer are __________, convection, evaporation, and conduction.
Which factor is NOT a contributing cause of orthostatic hypotension?
Which factor is NOT a contributing cause of orthostatic hypotension?
Nociceptors are distributed uniformly throughout the body.
Nociceptors are distributed uniformly throughout the body.
What is the purpose of the PQRSTU pain assessment?
What is the purpose of the PQRSTU pain assessment?
Which of the following best describes conduction as a heat transfer mechanism?
Which of the following best describes conduction as a heat transfer mechanism?
For medication calculations, 1 g is equal to __________ mg.
For medication calculations, 1 g is equal to __________ mg.
What is NOT one of the 10 rights of safe medication administration?
What is NOT one of the 10 rights of safe medication administration?
Nebulized medications are delivered in aerosol form to help with respiratory treatment.
Nebulized medications are delivered in aerosol form to help with respiratory treatment.
What are two identifiers that should be used to verify a patient before medication administration?
What are two identifiers that should be used to verify a patient before medication administration?
The primary site for administering low-molecular-weight heparin is the __________.
The primary site for administering low-molecular-weight heparin is the __________.
Match the type of insulin with its characteristics:
Match the type of insulin with its characteristics:
What should be done immediately after a medication error is identified?
What should be done immediately after a medication error is identified?
The buccal route involves placing medication under the tongue for absorption.
The buccal route involves placing medication under the tongue for absorption.
Identify one reason for omitting or delaying a medication dose.
Identify one reason for omitting or delaying a medication dose.
Insulin types vary in their onset, peak, and __________.
Insulin types vary in their onset, peak, and __________.
What is the recommended wait time between puffs when using a metered dose inhaler (MDI)?
What is the recommended wait time between puffs when using a metered dose inhaler (MDI)?
It is acceptable to prepare medications for more than one patient at a time to save time.
It is acceptable to prepare medications for more than one patient at a time to save time.
Name one group of medications that are often delivered via nebulization.
Name one group of medications that are often delivered via nebulization.
Before administering metoprolol, it's important to check the patient's __________ and __________.
Before administering metoprolol, it's important to check the patient's __________ and __________.
Match the medication administration route with its description:
Match the medication administration route with its description:
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Study Notes
Acute vs Chronic Pain
- Acute Pain: Lasts for 30 days to 6 months, has a fast onset, identifiable cause, and diminishes as the injury heals. Commonly associated with acute injuries, trauma, surgery, and childbirth.
- Chronic Pain: Persists over 3 months and can be intermittent or continuous. It may not have an identifiable cause and can lead to disability, affecting quality of life. Associated conditions include arthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathy.
Cancer Pain vs Neuropathic Pain
- Cancer Pain: Can be chronic or acute. Not all cancer patients experience pain. Typically relievable in 90% of patients with simple interventions. Can be nociceptive (normal pain response) or neuropathic (arising from damaged nerves).
- Neuropathic Pain: Described as nerve injury or impairment. It persists even after stimuli is removed and is often pathologic. Sensations may include numbness, tingling, burning, and sharp pains.
Phantom Limb Pain
- Considered a type of neuropathic pain where the brain continues to receive messages from the nerves after amputation.
Pain Medication Education
- Opioids: Potent for managing moderate to severe pain. Examples include morphine and fentanyl. Administered via various routes and available in short- and long-acting forms. Risks include respiratory depression and potential addiction.
- Non-Opioids: Include acetaminophen and NSAIDs, used for mild to moderate pain relief. Generally have fewer side effects and lower addiction risk.
Opioid Toxicity
- Occurs when excessive opioids overwhelm the body, leading to respiratory depression and potentially death. Symptoms include pinpoint pupils and unconsciousness. Naloxone can reverse opioid toxicity.
Orthostatic Hypotension
- Characterized by a drop in blood pressure upon changing positions. Causes include vasodilation, aging, medications, and dehydration. Symptoms include dizziness and fainting.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Radiation: Heat transfer without contact through waves or particles.
- Convection: Heat transfer via air or water movement.
- Evaporation: Converts liquid to vapor, helping to lower body temperature.
- Conduction: Direct heat transfer through contact, such as ice packs on skin.
Pain Assessment (PQRSTU)
- P: Provoking and palliating factors.
- Q: Quality of pain description.
- R: Region and radiation of pain.
- S: Severity rating.
- T: Timing of pain occurrence and treatment used.
- U: Understanding the impact on daily activities.
Safe Medication Administration
- Follow the "10 rights" of medication administration, verify patient identity, check for allergies, and assess vital signs before certain medications. Document and report any medication errors promptly.
Nebulizer Administration
- Converts medication solution into aerosol. Bronchodilators, mucolytics, and corticosteroids are commonly delivered via nebulization. The patient should be in an upright position, and the device should be monitored throughout the treatment.
Subcutaneous Injections
- Medications are placed in the loose connective tissue under the dermis, offering slower absorption than IM injections. Locations should be free of lesions, prominences, and large muscles.
Insulin Types and Administration
- Rapid-Acting Insulin: Used for meals; injected 10-15 minutes before eating (e.g., Humalog).
- Short-Acting Insulin: Administered 20-30 minutes before meals.
- Intermediate-Acting Insulin: Covers needs for half a day; common for twice-daily use (e.g., NPH).
- Long-Acting Insulin: Lasts up to 24 hours; often combined with shorter-acting insulin (e.g., Lantus).
- Pre-Mixed Insulin: Combination of intermediate and short-acting insulin.
Sublingual vs Buccal Administration
- Sublingual: Placed under the tongue; rapid onset, bypasses first-pass metabolism (e.g., Nitroglycerin).
- Buccal: Placed against the cheek; also provides rapid action but may cause irritation.
Respiration Processes
- Ventilation: Includes impaired airway clearance and hyperventilation.
- Perfusion: Involves gas exchange effectiveness.
- Diffusion: Related to overall activity tolerance.
- Breathing Mechanics: Inspiration is active, while expiration is passive.
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