Acute vs Chronic Leukemia Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key age group typically associated with acute leukemia?

Children and young adults.

Describe the onset time frame characteristic of chronic leukemia compared to acute leukemia.

Chronic leukemia has an insidious onset over years, while acute leukemia has a sudden onset over weeks to months.

Identify the main type of cells seen in Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML).

Myeloblasts.

What chromosomal location is associated with the AR gene in prostate cancer?

<p>The AR gene is located at Xq12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of the TMPRSS2 and ERG fusion in prostate cancer.

<p>The TMPRSS2 and ERG fusion at 21q functions as a transcriptional regulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily involved in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

<p>Lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) from its chronic counterpart?

<p>ALL involves lymphoblasts, while chronic lymphoid leukemia involves mature lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the full name of the TMPRSS2 gene?

<p>TMPRSS2 stands for Transmembrane protease serine 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ERG gene play in relation to prostate cancer?

<p>The ERG gene functions as a transcriptional regulator that can affect the expression of other genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

<p>M0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of the AR gene at Xq12 affect prostate cancer treatment?

<p>The AR gene's location at Xq12 makes it a target for hormone-based therapies in prostate cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Acute Myeloid Leukemia, what does the M3 classification refer to?

<p>Hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acute myeloid leukemia classification involves an increase in marrow eosinophils?

<p>M4Eo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosomal translocation is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia?

<p>The translocation is t(9;22)(q34;q11.2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two genes are involved in the Philadelphia chromosome translocation?

<p>The ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 and the BCR gene on chromosome 22.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic myelogenous leukemia, what is the primary cause of mature granulocyte proliferation?

<p>The activation of a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is predominantly affected by chronic myelogenous leukemia?

<p>Adults aged 45 years and older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What karyotype anomaly is characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

<p>Trisomy of chromosome 12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific chromosomal translocation is noted in chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

<p>The translocation is t(14;18)(q32;q21).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of myelodysplastic syndrome?

<p>It is an acquired clonal disorder affecting hematopoietic stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does myelodysplastic syndrome impact blood cell production?

<p>It causes ineffective hematopoiesis and defects in cell line maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the TP53 gene play in cellular processes?

<p>The TP53 gene regulates the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the mutation associated with blood cell development on chromosome 21.

<p>The RUNX1 gene is associated with blood cell development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the TET2 gene?

<p>The TET2 gene regulates the process of transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mutations in breast cancer are associated with HER2?

<p>HER2 gene amplification is associated with mutations in breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosomes are linked to the common genetic defects in MDS?

<p>Chromosome 17, 21, and 4 are linked to common genetic defects in MDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer?

<p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 are critical for DNA repair and maintaining genomic stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of HER2 proteins in breast cells.

<p>HER2 proteins control the growth, division, and repair of breast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancers are mentioned as solid tumors?

<p>Breast cancer and prostate cancer are mentioned as solid tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do BRCA genes play in cancer?

<p>BRCA genes are human tumor suppressor genes that help repair DNA and prevent the development of certain types of cancer, including breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

On which chromosomes are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes located?

<p>BRCA1 is located on chromosome 17, while BRCA2 is located on chromosome 13.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the PALB2 gene?

<p>The PALB2 gene partners with BRCA2 in DNA damage repair and is located on chromosome 16 p arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of chromosomal changes are associated with prostate cancer?

<p>Prostate cancer may involve chromosomal deletions, insertions, and rearrangements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two chromosomal deletions related to prostate cancer.

<p>Deletions in chromosomes 5q and 13q are associated with prostate cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chromosomal location for PALB2?

<p>PALB2 is located on chromosome 16, specifically on the p arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hereditary risk do BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations pose?

<p>Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'chromosomal rearrangement' indicate in prostate cancer?

<p>Chromosomal rearrangement in prostate cancer refers to structural changes in chromosomes that can lead to dysregulation of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute vs Chronic Leukemia

  • Acute leukemia is characterized by a sudden onset and affects children and young adults.
  • Chronic leukemia has an insidious onset and primarily affects middle-aged and elderly individuals.
  • Acute leukemia involves the proliferation of blast cells, while chronic leukemia involves mature cells.
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the proliferation of myeloblasts, while chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves granulocytes.
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is defined by the proliferation of lymphoblasts, while chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) involves lymphocytes.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Classification

  • AML is classified by the French-American-British (FAB) classification system.
  • M0 represents minimally differentiated AML.
  • M1 describes myeloblastic leukemia without maturation.
  • M2 refers to myeloblastic leukemia with maturation.
  • M3 characterizes hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia.
  • M4 signifies myelomonocytic leukemia.
  • M4Eo is a variant of M4 with an increase in marrow eosinophils.
  • M5 describes monocytic leukemia.
  • M6 refers to erythroleukemia.
  • M7 represents megakaryoblastic leukemia.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

  • Approximately 95% of CML patients have the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.
  • This translocation leads to the fusion of the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 and the BCR gene on chromosome 22.
  • The fusion gene activates tyrosine kinase, leading to a signal that drives cell proliferation.
  • CML is primarily found in adults aged 45 and older.
  • Blood findings may include mild anemia and a markedly increased white blood cell count, possibly with a few circulating blasts.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  • CLL is often associated with trisomy of chromosome 12 and the t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation.

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

  • MDS is an acquired clonal disorder affecting stem cells.
  • It involves ineffective hematopoiesis with defects in the maturation of all myeloid lineage cell lines.
  • Common genetic defects associated with MDS include mutations in the TP53 gene on chromosome 17p, the RUNX1 gene on chromosome 21q, and the TET2 gene on chromosome 4q.

Solid Tumors

  • Breast cancer and prostate cancer are examples of common solid tumors.

Breast Cancer

  • Breast cancer is often associated with mutations in the HER2, BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes.

HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2)

  • HER2 is located on the long arm of chromosome 17.
  • Mutations in HER2 lead to gene amplification, resulting in an overproduction of HER2 proteins.
  • HER2 proteins function as receptors on breast cells, controlling growth, division, and repair.

BRCA Genes (Breast Cancer Genes)

  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes.
  • BRCA1 is located on chromosome 17, while BRCA2 is located on chromosome 13.

PALB2 Gene (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2)

  • PALB2 is located on the short arm of chromosome 16.
  • This gene plays a role in DNA damage repair.

Prostate Cancer

  • Prostate cancer is associated with chromosomal deletions and insertions, including those on chromosomes 5q, 6q, 8p, 10q, 13q, 16q, 17p, 18q, 7p/q, 8q, 9p, and Xq.
  • Rearrangements on chromosome 21q are also implicated in prostate cancer.
  • Two common chromosomal aberrations in prostate cancer involve the AR gene (androgen receptor) at Xq12 and the TMPRSS2 and ERG fusion at 21q.
  • The TMPRSS2 and ERG fusion results in the fusion of the transmembrane protease serine 2 gene with the erythroblast transformation specific-regulated gene, which is a transcriptional regulator.

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Description

This quiz covers the key differences between acute and chronic leukemia, including their definitions and affected demographics. Additionally, it provides an overview of the classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) using the FAB classification system.

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