18 Questions
What is the primary cause of alveolar hypoventilation in acute respiratory failure?
Mechanical issues
What is the result of increased capillary permeability in ARDS?
Pulmonary edema and micro atelectasis
What is the primary goal of treatment in acute respiratory failure?
Treat the underlying cause
What is the definition of hypoxemia in acute respiratory failure?
PaO2 < 50
What is the primary cause of pulmonary edema in ARDS?
Increased capillary permeability
What is the result of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome in ARDS?
Damage to capillary membranes
What is the primary diagnostic test for pulmonary embolus?
Ventilation-perfusion scan
What is the primary treatment for pulmonary embolus?
All of the above
What is the definition of hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure?
PaCO2 > 50
Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause alveolar hypoventilation in acute respiratory failure?
Pneumonia
A patient with a PaO2 of 48 and a pH of 7.30 is likely to have which of the following?
Acute respiratory failure
What is the primary mechanism of damage to capillary membranes in ARDS?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Which of the following is a characteristic of pulmonary edema in ARDS?
Non-cardiogenic origin
A patient with a diagnosis of pulmonary embolus is at risk for which of the following?
All of the above
Which of the following is a risk factor for DVTs and pulmonary embolus?
Venous stasis
A patient with ARDS is being treated with mechanical ventilation and PEEP. What is the primary goal of PEEP?
To improve oxygenation
Which of the following is a diagnostic test for pulmonary embolus?
Ventilation-perfusion scan
A patient with acute respiratory failure is being treated with mechanical ventilation. What is the primary goal of nursing assessments?
To monitor for complications
Study Notes
Acute Respiratory Failure
- Altered gas exchange on room air, often seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions that decompensate
- Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 50) and/or hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 50) with a pH < 7.35
- Causes: alveolar hypoventilation (mechanical issues, obesity, chest wall deformities, neuromuscular conditions) and diffusion abnormalities (pneumonia, ARDS, congestive heart failure)
- Treatment: treat underlying cause, mechanical ventilation, and nursing assessments (ABGs, pulse ox, respiratory cells, focused respiratory assessment)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) causing damage to capillary membranes
- Increased capillary permeability leading to pulmonary edema (non-cardiogenic) and micro atelectasis
- Symptoms: dyspnea, tachypnea, hyperventilation, and hypoxemia
- VQ ratio abnormal, indicating poor ventilation and diffusion
- Treatment: mechanical ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
Pulmonary Embolus
- Virchow's Triad: three risk factors for DVTs and pulmonary embolus
- Venous stasis (blood pooling in lower extremities)
- Altered coagulability (certain diseases, medications, or conditions)
- Damage to vessel walls (trauma, previous DVT)
- Signs and symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, hypotension, tachycardia, altered mental status
- Diagnostics: D-dimer, CT scan, and ventilation-perfusion scan
- Treatment: thrombolytics, anticoagulants, surgical treatments, and discharge planning
Acute Respiratory Failure
- Altered gas exchange occurs on room air, often seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions that decompensate
- Characterized by hypoxemia (PaO2 < 50) and/or hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 50) with a pH < 7.35
- Causes include alveolar hypoventilation (mechanical issues, obesity, chest wall deformities, neuromuscular conditions) and diffusion abnormalities (pneumonia, ARDS, congestive heart failure)
- Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, mechanical ventilation, and regular nursing assessments (ABGs, pulse ox, respiratory cells, focused respiratory assessment)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- ARDS results from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), causing damage to capillary membranes
- Increased capillary permeability leads to pulmonary edema (non-cardiogenic) and micro atelectasis
- Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, hyperventilation, and hypoxemia
- Abnormal VQ ratio indicates poor ventilation and diffusion
- Treatment involves mechanical ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
Pulmonary Embolus
- Virchow's Triad identifies three risk factors for DVTs and pulmonary embolus
- Venous stasis occurs due to blood pooling in lower extremities
- Altered coagulability results from certain diseases, medications, or conditions
- Damage to vessel walls occurs due to trauma, previous DVT, or other factors
- Signs and symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, hypotension, tachycardia, and altered mental status
- Diagnosis involves D-dimer, CT scan, and ventilation-perfusion scan
- Treatment options include thrombolytics, anticoagulants, surgical treatments, and discharge planning
Acute Respiratory Failure
- Altered gas exchange occurs on room air, often seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions that decompensate
- Characterized by hypoxemia (PaO2 < 50) and/or hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 50) with a pH < 7.35
- Causes include alveolar hypoventilation (mechanical issues, obesity, chest wall deformities, neuromuscular conditions) and diffusion abnormalities (pneumonia, ARDS, congestive heart failure)
- Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, mechanical ventilation, and regular nursing assessments (ABGs, pulse ox, respiratory cells, focused respiratory assessment)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- ARDS results from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), causing damage to capillary membranes
- Increased capillary permeability leads to pulmonary edema (non-cardiogenic) and micro atelectasis
- Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, hyperventilation, and hypoxemia
- Abnormal VQ ratio indicates poor ventilation and diffusion
- Treatment involves mechanical ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
Pulmonary Embolus
- Virchow's Triad identifies three risk factors for DVTs and pulmonary embolus
- Venous stasis occurs due to blood pooling in lower extremities
- Altered coagulability results from certain diseases, medications, or conditions
- Damage to vessel walls occurs due to trauma, previous DVT, or other factors
- Signs and symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, hypotension, tachycardia, and altered mental status
- Diagnosis involves D-dimer, CT scan, and ventilation-perfusion scan
- Treatment options include thrombolytics, anticoagulants, surgical treatments, and discharge planning
Quiz on Acute Respiratory Failure, a condition characterized by altered gas exchange, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia, its causes and treatment options.
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