week 3 Acute Respiratory Failure Quiz

A condition in which the respiratory system fails in one or both of its gas-exchange functions, namely oxygenation and elimination of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

PaO2 < 60 mmHg and/or PaCO2 > 45 mmHg & pH < 7.35, or both

80-100 mmHg

<p>Oxygen delivery through invasive ventilation, non-rebreather, or nasal specs, depending on the severity of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lungs (gas exchange) and the ventilatory pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I is lung failure, characterized by hypoxemia, while Type II is pump failure, characterized by hypercapnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnoea, tachypnoea, orthopnoea, inability to speak, and use of accessory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (V/Q mismatch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane, surface area of the membrane, diffusion coefficient of the gas, and pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shunt is a region of low ventilation and normal perfusion, while dead space is a region of normal ventilation and low perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 has low PaO2 and normal or low pCO2, while Type 2 has low PaO2 and high pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain airway patency, optimise oxygen delivery, and identify and treat the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining airway patency and optimising oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stagnant hypoxia is due to inadequate blood flow, whereas anemic hypoxia is due to insufficient amount of functional hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early features: dyspnoea, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea. Late features: bradypnoea or agonal breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercarbia shifts the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, decreasing the affinity of Hb for O2 and increasing unloading of O2 to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At PaCO2 60-75mmHg: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, peripheral vasodilation. At PaCO2 80-100mmHg: asterixis, confusion, lethargy. At PaCO2 120-150mmHg: anaesthesia, DEATH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early: tachycardia, mild hypertension. Late: bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias, and Angina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache, restlessness, agitation, confusion, paranoia, combative behavior, loss of coordination, CNS depression, and coma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercarbia displaces alveolar O2, reduces PaO2, and increases pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to cor pulmonale (right heart failure) and myocardial dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) V/Q mismatch Diffusion defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thickness of the membrane e.g., pulmonary fibrosis • The surface area of the membrane e.g., atelectasis • The diffusion coefficient of the gas (O2 has a lower molecular weight than CO2 and therefore can be expected to diffuse across the respiratory membrane faster) e.g., temperature • The pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane (alveoli and capillary) e.g. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about 104 mm Hg, whereas its partial pressure in the blood of the capillary is about 40 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes of Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COPD ▪Severe chronic asthma ▪Cystic fibrosis ▪Kyphoscoliosis ▪Neuromuscular disease ▪Obesity hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen therapy Maintaining lung volumes using alveolar recruitments strategies ▪PEEP / CPAP / *NHF</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NIV / BiPAP / IPPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>displaces alveolar o2 and decrese pao2 shifts OHD curve to the right decrease affinity of hb for o2 , increase unloading to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers