Acute Renal Failure Overview

CKD is a condition where the kidneys are gradually damaged, leading to reduced kidney function.

CKD stages describe different levels of kidney damage, from early to severe impairment, based on kidney function percentage.

Early stage of kidney disease; more than 90% of kidney function remaining.

Severely impaired kidney function; less than 15% of kidney function remaining.

Symptoms like somnolence, lassitude, and progressing to seizures may occur as CKD progresses.

Use padded side rails, airway and suction equipment at bedside

Altered body image and weight gain can occur due to fluid retention(edema) and increased serum triglycerides .

The volume of plasma filtered in the glomeruli per unit time, typically measured in mL/min.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. A calculation used to estimate your GFR.

Ranges used to assess kidney function from normal to severely decreased. Given in ml/min

A sign of kidney function. High levels might indicate kidney problems.

A variety of medical conditions like high blood pressure or infections.

A treatment to remove excess waste products from the blood when kidney function is severely impaired.

A condition that develops as GFR reduces.

High levels of urea in the blood, associated with kidney difficulties.

Treatment strategies involve identifying the cause, monitoring kidney function, stopping further damage, and initiating suitable therapies like dialysis

Nausea and Vomiting are common symptoms in ESRD patients due to uremic toxins and an unpleasant metallic taste. Other causes include gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Common gastrointestinal symptoms in ESRD patients include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Medications prescribed to reduce nausea and vomiting in ESRD patients.

Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid levels, is a major risk factor for heart disease in CKD.

Elevated levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol occur in CKD patients and worsen as kidney function declines.

Blood Urea Nitrogen, a test that measures the amount of nitrogenous waste in the blood. It is used to assess kidney function.

A test that measures the rate at which creatinine is filtered from the blood by the kidneys. It reflects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal function.

Inflammation of the kidneys' tubules and surrounding structures. A common cause of CKD.

A genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys, leading to progressive kidney damage.

Blockage of the flow of urine from the kidneys, leading to damage and CKD.

A condition where urine flows back up from the bladder to the kidneys, increasing the risk of infection and damage.

Repeated infections of the kidney, also called pyelonephritis. Can contribute to CKD.

Moderate to severe anemia seen in CKD. Hematocrit is 20-30%, low hemoglobin, reduced RBCs, and platelets.

Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys to assess size and structure. Decreased renal size is indicative of CKD.

A procedure where a small sample of kidney tissue is removed to diagnose the underlying disease process and differentiate acute from chronic kidney disease.

Perindopril is a medication used to lower blood pressure.

An osmotic agent helps remove excess fluids and solutes from the body, often used in dialysis.

Dialysate solution's glucose concentration determines how much fluid is removed during dialysis. Higher glucose concentration leads to greater fluid removal.

Antacids neutralize stomach acid to relieve gastric irritation.

Magnesium-based antacids can lead to magnesium toxicity in individuals with kidney problems.

Alkalinizing agents like sodium bicarbonate help correct serum pH in metabolic acidosis.

Oral phosphorus binding agents like calcium carbonate bind to phosphorus in the gut, lowering its levels in the blood.

Supplements such as vitamin D, folic acid, iron tablets, and EPO injections are crucial for patients with kidney issues.

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a type of dialysis where the patient exchanges dialysate multiple times a day.

Continuous Cycler Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) uses a machine to deliver dialysate during the night and allow continuous dwell during the day.