Acute Renal Failure Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of administering antiemetic agents before meals for ESRD patients?

  • To stimulate appetite
  • To enhance digestion
  • To reduce abdominal pain
  • To prevent nausea and improve food intake (correct)

    • Which nursing intervention is crucial for preventing infection in patients with CKD?

  • Administering antibiotics regularly
  • Encouraging high-protein meals
  • Providing increased fluid intake
  • Monitoring temperature and vital signs every 4 hours (correct)

    • What is a common risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients?

  • Dyspnea during exertion
  • Low protein diet
  • Increased fluid retention
  • Dyslipidemia associated with renal impairment (correct)

    • What is the recommended frequency for monitoring temperature in patients at risk for infection due to disease processes?

    <p>Every 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of teaching coughing and deep breathing exercises to patients?

    <p>To improve clearance of respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some indications of mental status changes in patients undergoing dialysis?

    <p>Confusion, irritability, and disorientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of dialysis related to infectious conditions?

    <p>Hepatitis and HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), how is kidney function categorized in Stage 2?

    <p>89% to 60% kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in the care of a patient experiencing high triglycerides during dialysis?

    <p>Monitoring serum triglycerides levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of using seizure precautions in patients undergoing dialysis?

    <p>To ensure patient safety during potential seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of chronic kidney disease is kidney function categorized as severely impaired?

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can music therapy contribute to the care of patients experiencing fatigue and drowsiness?

    <p>Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) in mL/min?

    <p>60-89</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate the worsening of kidney function related to eGFR measurements?

    <p>Increased creatinin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for managing elevated creatinin levels?

    <p>Increase fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an eGFR of 15 mL/min or less indicate?

    <p>Severe kidney impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with elevated levels of creatinin?

    <p>Frequent itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a consequence of high creatinin levels besides kidney impairment?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When managing kidney function, what is a necessary step to take regarding blood pressure?

    <p>Try to lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what eGFR level would a patient typically require dialysis?

    <p>15-29 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is part of the treatment options for managing elevated kidney issues?

    <p>Identifying the cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of perindopril?

    <p>To lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of antacids that are contraindicated?

    <p>Non-magnesium based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), how many times is the exchange performed daily?

    <p>4-5 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are oral phosphorus binding agents used?

    <p>To lower phosphate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common supplement used to combat anemia?

    <p>Iron tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fluid drained during peritoneal dialysis?

    <p>It should be clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT an alkalinizing agent?

    <p>Potassium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)?

    <p>Operates with a cycler device during nighttime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin D supplements in kidney management?

    <p>Improves calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a kidney transplant?

    <p>To replace a non-functioning kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures?

    <p>Interstitial nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for chronic kidney disease?

    <p>Frequent exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is considered the most accurate for reflecting glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Creatinine clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should not be administered to patients on dialysis due to its toxicity?

    <p>Demerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic kidney disease can lead to which of the following hematological changes?

    <p>Moderately severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause urine to back up into the kidneys?

    <p>Vesicoureteral reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of managing chronic kidney disease?

    <p>To delay onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte levels should be monitored throughout the course of chronic kidney disease?

    <p>Serum electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic kidney disease primarily affect medication effects?

    <p>Increases half-life and plasma levels of medications excreted by kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding creatinine clearance testing?

    <p>It is influenced by muscle mass and hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Renal Failure

    • A syndrome resulting in sudden decline in kidney function.
    • Often associated with increased BUN and creatinine, oliguria (less than 500 mL urine/24 hours), hyperkalemia, and sodium retention.
    • Typically reversible with medical treatment.
    • Also known as Acute Kidney Injury.

    Etiology (Causes)

    • Prerenal: Reduced renal blood flow (hypovolemia, shock, blood loss, burns, cardiovascular disorders, sepsis).
    • Intrarenal: Damage to kidney tissue (nephrotoxic agents, infections, ischemia, blockages, polycystic kidney disease).
    • Postrenal: Obstruction or disruption to urine flow (stones, blood clots, enlarged prostate, urethral edema).

    Other Major Causes

    • Vascular disease
    • Glomerular disease
    • Interstitial/tubular disease
    • Obstructive uropathy

    Clinical Course

    • Onset: Hours to days after kidney injury.
    • Oliguric-anuric phase: Urine output less than 400-500 mL/24 hours, rising serum levels of urea, creatinine, etc. Can be non-oliguric (high output) with more than 2-3 L urine daily.
    • Diuretic phase: Urine output exceeds 500 mL/24 hours, BUN and creatinine levels stop rising.
    • Recovery phase: Usually lasts several months to a year; some functional loss may remain (not always clinically significant).

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Prerenal: Decreased tissue turgor, dry mucous membranes, weight loss, hypotension, oliguria or anuria, flat neck veins, tachycardia
    • Intrarenal: Edema
    • Postrenal: Obstruction to urine flow, symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), possible kidney stones.
    • Changes in Urine Volume and Serum Concentrations: Nausea, loss of appetite, headache, lethargy, tingling in extremities.

    Diagnostic Evaluation

    • Urinalysis: Proteinuria, hematuria, casts
    • Serum creatinine and BUN levels
    • Urine chemistry to distinguish various acute renal failure forms
    • Renal ultrasound to evaluate renal size and rule out obstructive uropathy.

    Pathophysiology

    • Hypoperfusion of the kidneys
    • Alteration in kidney function
    • Decreased glomerular filtration rate
    • Retention of fluids and urinary sediments
    • Kidney damage

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    Related Documents

    NCM 118 Finals Lecture on Acute Renal Failure PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about Acute Renal Failure, including its etiology, major causes, and clinical course. Understand the types, symptoms, and potential reversibility of this condition. Ideal for medical students and healthcare professionals.

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