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What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a complication of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a complication of acute inflammation?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluid with high protein in tissues?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluid with high protein in tissues?
What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?
What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?
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What is the term for the formation of pus?
What is the term for the formation of pus?
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What is the term for the increased blood flow through tissues during inflammation?
What is the term for the increased blood flow through tissues during inflammation?
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What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?
What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?
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What characterises acute inflammation?
What characterises acute inflammation?
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What is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
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What is an example of acute inflammation?
What is an example of acute inflammation?
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What is the role of leukocytes in inflammation?
What is the role of leukocytes in inflammation?
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What is the ultimate goal of the inflammatory response?
What is the ultimate goal of the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary role of fibroblasts in inflammation?
What is the primary role of fibroblasts in inflammation?
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What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
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What is the purpose of endothelial cells in inflammation?
What is the purpose of endothelial cells in inflammation?
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What is the significance of the 'cardinal signs' of inflammation?
What is the significance of the 'cardinal signs' of inflammation?
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What is the outcome of acute inflammation in most cases?
What is the outcome of acute inflammation in most cases?
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What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
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Study Notes
Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation is a reaction of vascularized living tissues, characterized by the movement of fluid and leukocytes from blood to tissue.
- The process involves oedema, an accumulation of fluid extra-vascularly.
- Exudate is oedema with high protein content.
- Pus is inflamed exudate with dead neutrophils, debris, microorganisms, protein, and lipid.
- Suppuration is the formation of pus.
Purpose of Inflammation
- Inflammation is a defense against microorganisms.
- It eliminates damaged cells and inanimate foreign particles.
- It initiates the healing process.
Characteristics of Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation has a rapid onset.
- It is short-lived.
Complications of Acute Inflammation
- Appendicitis
- Meningitis
Chronic Inflammation
- Tuberculosis
- Arthritis
- Initiation of cancer
Mediators of Inflammation
Neutrophils
- Kill microorganisms
- Help endothelial cells regulate the movement of blood to tissues
- Express adhesion molecules
Macrophages
- Degrade fibrin and debris
- Kill microorganisms
- Secrete cytokines
Fibroblasts
- Secrete collagen
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling (due to fluid accumulation)
- Pain or sensitivity to heat
Hyperaemia and Exudation
- Hyperaemia is an increase in blood flow through tissues due to vasodilation and the opening of dormant capillaries.
- Exudation is an increase in vascular permeability to proteins, leading to congested vessels and swelling accompanied by neutrophils.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is the reaction of vascularised living tissues to local injury or infection, characterised by the movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into the affected tissue.
Roles of the Inflammatory Response
- Defence against micro-organisms
- Elimination of damaged cells, inanimate foreign particles, or antigens
- Initiation of the healing process
Types of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation: a rapid onset, relatively short-lived, stereotypic response to injury or infection, characterised by the movement of fluid and neutrophils out of the blood and into the affected tissue
- Chronic Inflammation: a prolonged response to injury or infection, starts later, lasts longer
Key Points to Remember
- An acute response does not necessarily evolve into a chronic response
- The histological events evolve faster than the clinical picture
Importance of Inflammation
- Positive roles: host defence against micro-organisms, initiating adaptive immune response, initiating tissue healing mechanisms
- Deleterious effects: acute inflammation (e.g. appendicitis, meningitis), chronic inflammation (e.g. tuberculosis, arthritis, tissue destruction)
Cell Types Involved in Inflammation
- Neutrophils: kill micro-organisms
- Endothelial cells: regulate movement of protein from blood into the tissues, express adhesion molecules
- Macrophages: adhere, penetrate, degrade fibrin and debris, kill micro-organisms, secrete regulatory molecules called cytokines
- Fibroblasts: secrete collagen
The Acute Inflammatory Response
- Stereotypic response to injury or infection
- Dislocations, sunburn, muscle tears, insect bites, etc.
The "Cardinal Signs" of Inflammation
- Redness: increased blood flow ("hyperaemia" or "erythema")
- Heat: increased blood flow ("hyperaemia" or "erythema")
- Swelling: fluid movement from blood into tissue ("exudation")
- Pain: increased sensitivity of pain receptors ("hyperalgesia")
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of acute inflammation, including its definition, mediators, and types such as oedema, exudate, and suppuration. It also explores the role of inflammation in defense against microorganisms and the initiation of healing.
