80 Questions
What is the best test for diagnosing congestive heart failure (CHF)?
BNP levels over 100
Which medication is considered the best for systolic heart failure?
Beta blockers
How do Kerley B lines appear on a chest X-ray for heart failure?
Ghost white like lines in a triangular area
What is the New York Heart Association functional class 4 for CHF characterized by?
Symptoms at rest
Which medication is recommended for diastolic heart failure treatment?
Digoxin
Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be present in left-sided heart failure?
Dyspnea
What is the hallmark finding in dilated cardiomyopathy?
S3 gallop
Which diagnostic test is the preferred choice for evaluating dilated cardiomyopathy?
Echocardiogram
What is the most appropriate medication for mortality reduction in dilated cardiomyopathy?
ACE inhibitors
What population is most commonly affected by stress takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Postmenopausal women
What is the gold standard diagnostic study for myocarditis?
End-myocardial biopsy
What medication is known to cause myocarditis?
Clozapine
Which condition presents symptoms similar to those seen in dilated cardiomyopathy?
Myocarditis
What type of heart sound is commonly heard in myocarditis?
S3 gallop
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What is the characteristic finding in diastolic dysfunction of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Decreased compliance of the ventricle
Which infiltrative disease is most commonly associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Sarcoidosis
Which sign is characteristic of restrictive cardiomyopathy and involves the lack of an inspiratory decline or increase in jugular venous pressure?
Kussmaul's sign
What is the diagnostic test of choice for evaluating non-dilated ventricles with normal thickness in restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Echocardiogram
What is a characteristic finding on chest radiograph in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Normal ventricular chamber size and enlarged atria
Which condition presents with transient regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction and apical left ventricular ballooning?
Coronary artery spasm
What is the mainstay of treatment for stress takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Conservative and supportive care
Which genetic disorder is characterized by inappropriate left ventricular and/or right ventricular hypertrophy with diastolic dysfunction?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What is the most common symptom of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Dyspnea
Which medication can worsen obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to increased contractility?
Digoxin
What is the main diagnostic test for acute decompensated heart failure?
Chest X-ray (CXR)
What is the recommended position for a patient with acute decompensated heart failure to help decrease preload?
Sitting upright with legs hanging off the table
What blood pressure readings indicate elevated blood pressure?
Systolic 120-129, Diastolic >90
What is the most common cause of primary essential hypertension?
High salt sensitivity
What is the workup for hypertension?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
What is a characteristic finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Increased LV volume with preserved outflow
How does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) typically present in preadolescent children during extreme exertion?
Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation
What is the first-line medical management for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Beta blockers
Which maneuver can lead to increased murmur intensity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Valsalva maneuver
What is an alternative to surgical myomectomy for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Alcohol septal ablation
Which of the following ECG findings is consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
What should patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) avoid?
Dehydration and extreme exertion
What is a potential echocardiographic finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
$15mm$ or greater septal thickness
What is a significant difference in the murmur intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) when comparing increased and decreased venous return?
The murmur intensity increases with increased venous return
What is a potential result of an ECG in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
T-wave inversion in leads V1-V3
What are the common tests used to diagnose acute decompensated heart failure?
Chest X-ray, BNP test, and echocardiogram
Which blood pressure readings indicate elevated blood pressure?
Systolic 120-129 and diastolic 140 or higher
To be diagnosed with hypertension, what is the requirement for the elevated blood pressure readings?
Elevations must be recorded on at least two separate visits
What is the most common cause of primary essential hypertension?
High salt sensitivity
What is the cause of secondary hypertension?
Underlying, correctable cause
What is the blood pressure target for someone with hypertension?
Less than 140/90
For a patient with isolated systolic hypertension, what is the recommended hypertensive therapy?
Diuretics or CCBs
What is the initial hypertensive therapy for non-African-American patients with uncomplicated hypertension?
Thiazide diuretics
Which medication is recommended for a patient with hypertension and post-myocardial infarction?
Beta blockers
What is the preferred hypertensive therapy for a patient with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease?
ACE inhibitors or ARBs
What is a potential adverse effect of loop diuretics?
Hyperkalemia
What is the definitive diagnosis for restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Endomyocardial biopsy
Which adverse effect is associated with potassium sparing diuretics?
Hyperkalemia
What is the management choice for postural orthostatic hypotension?
Conservative initial management with increased salt and fluid intake + fludrocortisone
What is a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Angioedema
What is the most common trigger for vasovagal syncope?
Emotional stress/fear
What is the primary mechanism of action for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Vasodilators
What is the hallmark symptom of vasovagal syncope?
Dizziness
How is hypertensive urgency managed?
Gradual reduction of mean arterial pressure by no more than 25% over 24 to 48 hours
What is the neurologic cause of postural orthostatic hypotension?
Diabetic neuropathy
Which cardiac condition presents with transient regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction and apical left ventricular ballooning?
Stress takotsubo cardiomyopathy
What is the main diagnostic test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Echocardiogram
Which medication should be avoided in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its potential to worsen obstruction?
Beta agonists
What is the characteristic symptom of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Angina (chest pain)
What is the hallmark finding in stress takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Coronary artery spasm
What is the most likely cause of sudden cardiac death in adolescent or preadolescent children during extreme exertion?
Ventricular fibrillation
What maneuver is most likely to increase the intensity of the systolic murmur associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Valsalva maneuver
What is the first-line medical management for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Beta blockers
Which echocardiographic finding is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve
What should patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy avoid?
Extreme exertion
What is the diagnostic criteria for fever?
Temperature >38°C (100.4°F)
Which medication is first-line management for Prinzmetal angina?
Diltiazem
What symptom characterizes Prinzmetal angina?
Chest pain at rest
What should be avoided in the management of Prinzmetal angina?
Beta blockers
What is the cause of cocaine-induced myocardial infarction?
Coronary artery vasospasm
Which ECG finding is classic in cocaine-induced myocardial infarction?
Transient ST elevations
What drugs are considered the first-line management for cocaine-induced myocardial infarction?
Calcium channel blockers and nitrates
What should be avoided in the management of cocaine-induced myocardial infarction?
Nonselective beta blockers
What is the most common cause of myocarditis?
Viral infection
Which of the following is a characteristic ECG finding in myocarditis?
ST-segment elevations
Test your knowledge about acute decompensated heart failure, including its diagnosis and treatment. Learn about the symptoms, diagnostic tests, and interventions for patients experiencing sudden worsening of heart failure. Understand the normal blood pressure range and its significance in heart failure management.
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