Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which clinical presentation of ACS involves ischemia but not myocardial cell death?
Which clinical presentation of ACS involves ischemia but not myocardial cell death?
- Non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- Sudden cardiac death
- Unstable angina (correct)
- ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
What is the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome?
What is the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome?
- Unstable angina
- Non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- Sudden cardiac death (correct)
- ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Which development provided emergency clinicians with effective approaches for treating life-threatening dysrhythmias occurring due to ACS?
Which development provided emergency clinicians with effective approaches for treating life-threatening dysrhythmias occurring due to ACS?
- New pharmacologic agents
- External defibrillators (correct)
- Selective coronary arteriography
- Cardiac pacemakers
Who inaugurated the era of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 1960?
Who inaugurated the era of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 1960?
Which type of myocardial infarction is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Which type of myocardial infarction is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Which ACS subtype involves ischemia but not ST segment elevation?
Which ACS subtype involves ischemia but not ST segment elevation?
What is frequently included in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome?
What is frequently included in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome?
What provided an important tool in the management of sudden cardiac death?
What provided an important tool in the management of sudden cardiac death?
Which ACS subtype is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
Which ACS subtype is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
What is frequently involved in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and involves pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation?
What is frequently involved in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and involves pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy as the most recent development?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy as the most recent development?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What is the goal of combination therapies studied for STEMI patients?
What is the goal of combination therapies studied for STEMI patients?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What revolutionized the management of patients with coronary artery disease, including chronic, stable presentations and acute coronary syndrome?
What revolutionized the management of patients with coronary artery disease, including chronic, stable presentations and acute coronary syndrome?
Who inaugurated the era of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 1960?
Who inaugurated the era of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 1960?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What is the goal of combination therapies studied for STEMI patients?
What is the goal of combination therapies studied for STEMI patients?
What is the most recent development added to the chest pain evaluation strategy?
What is the most recent development added to the chest pain evaluation strategy?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy to reduce the total evaluation time and improve throughput?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy to reduce the total evaluation time and improve throughput?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What is the primary concern when attempting to lower the missed MI rate in the ED?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What has revolutionized the treatment of patients with STEMI, starting in the late 1980s?
What has revolutionized the treatment of patients with STEMI, starting in the late 1980s?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for men?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for men?
What is the leading cause of death among adults in many industrialized countries?
What is the leading cause of death among adults in many industrialized countries?
What accounts for over 1 million deaths in the United States annually?
What accounts for over 1 million deaths in the United States annually?
What has contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted mortality from CAD in the United States and Canada?
What has contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted mortality from CAD in the United States and Canada?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What percentage of patients with AMI die from an ACS-related dysrhythmia within 2 hours of the event initiation?
What percentage of patients with AMI die from an ACS-related dysrhythmia within 2 hours of the event initiation?
What percentage of patients with ACS, including unstable angina (UA) and AMI, are discharged from the ED?
What percentage of patients with ACS, including unstable angina (UA) and AMI, are discharged from the ED?
What percentage of patients with myocardial infarction are rehospitalized within 1 year of their index event?
What percentage of patients with myocardial infarction are rehospitalized within 1 year of their index event?
What percentage of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are discharged from the emergency department (ED)?
What percentage of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are discharged from the emergency department (ED)?
What percentage of patients with AMI die within 30 days of the acute myocardial infarction?
What percentage of patients with AMI die within 30 days of the acute myocardial infarction?
Approximately how many persons experience an AMI every year in the United States?
Approximately how many persons experience an AMI every year in the United States?
What is the primary cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What is the primary cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for women?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for women?
What is the leading cause of death among adults in many industrialized countries?
What is the leading cause of death among adults in many industrialized countries?
What has contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted mortality from CAD in the United States and Canada?
What has contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted mortality from CAD in the United States and Canada?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What percentage of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are discharged from the emergency department (ED)?
What percentage of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are discharged from the emergency department (ED)?
What percentage of patients with AMI die within 30 days of the acute myocardial infarction?
What percentage of patients with AMI die within 30 days of the acute myocardial infarction?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the leading cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What is the leading cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for men?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease for men?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of heart disease?
What is the age-adjusted prevalence of heart disease?
What accounts for over 1 million deaths in the United States annually?
What accounts for over 1 million deaths in the United States annually?
Which of the following is considered a less severe manifestation of coronary heart disease?
Which of the following is considered a less severe manifestation of coronary heart disease?
What is the most severe form of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
What is the most severe form of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
Which manifestation of coronary heart disease is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Which manifestation of coronary heart disease is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of stable angina pectoris?
Which of the following is a characteristic of stable angina pectoris?
What is the most severe form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
What is the most severe form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
Which condition is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
Which condition is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
Which of the following is the most severe form of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
Which of the following is the most severe form of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) according to some experts?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the major difference between Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What is the major difference between Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
How is unstable angina broadly defined from a semantic perspective?
How is unstable angina broadly defined from a semantic perspective?
When is angina considered to be 'rest angina'?
When is angina considered to be 'rest angina'?
What is 'new-onset angina'?
What is 'new-onset angina'?
How is 'increasing or progressive angina' diagnosed?
How is 'increasing or progressive angina' diagnosed?
Which type of angina is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG?
Which type of angina is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG?
Which organization developed clinical criteria for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
Which organization developed clinical criteria for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the primary cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the primary cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What differentiates NSTEMI from STEMI at presentation?
What differentiates NSTEMI from STEMI at presentation?
How many primary types of infarction are described by the classification of AMI?
How many primary types of infarction are described by the classification of AMI?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
Which descriptor fails to adequately describe the coronary event and its related pathophysiology?
Which descriptor fails to adequately describe the coronary event and its related pathophysiology?
What differentiates stable angina from unstable angina?
What differentiates stable angina from unstable angina?
What is the primary focus of diagnostic and management issues for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the primary focus of diagnostic and management issues for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the major difference between NSTEMI and STEMI in terms of myocardial injury?
What is the major difference between NSTEMI and STEMI in terms of myocardial injury?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What has improved interventional success in the treatment of STEMI?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
Which of the following is considered rest angina?
Which of the following is considered rest angina?
What defines new-onset angina?
What defines new-onset angina?
What characterizes increasing or progressive angina?
What characterizes increasing or progressive angina?
What is the defining characteristic of unstable angina from a semantic perspective?
What is the defining characteristic of unstable angina from a semantic perspective?
What is the defining characteristic of unstable angina from a semantic perspective?
What is the defining characteristic of unstable angina from a semantic perspective?
Which type of angina is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG?
Which type of angina is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
What is the major difference between Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What is the major difference between Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What is the focus of the STEMI systems of care approach?
What is the differentiation between STEMI and NSTEMI important for?
What is the differentiation between STEMI and NSTEMI important for?
What is frequently involved in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and involves pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation?
What is frequently involved in the ACS spectrum of illnesses and involves pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the approximate 30-day mortality rate for patients who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the classification of AMI types based on?
What is the classification of AMI types based on?
What differentiates NSTEMI from STEMI at presentation?
What differentiates NSTEMI from STEMI at presentation?
What is the primary cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the primary cause of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
Which of the following is NOT a semantic definition of unstable angina?
Which of the following is NOT a semantic definition of unstable angina?
How long must angina last to be considered 'rest angina'?
How long must angina last to be considered 'rest angina'?
When is angina considered 'new-onset'?
When is angina considered 'new-onset'?
How is 'increasing or progressive angina' diagnosed?
How is 'increasing or progressive angina' diagnosed?
What percentage of vessel stenosis usually results in ischemic symptoms at rest?
What percentage of vessel stenosis usually results in ischemic symptoms at rest?
Which factor determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
Which factor determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
What is the characteristic of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques?
What is the characteristic of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques?
What initiates the pathophysiologic process of ACS?
What initiates the pathophysiologic process of ACS?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What is the most critical factor in myocardial infarction (MI) according to angiographic studies?
What is the most critical factor in myocardial infarction (MI) according to angiographic studies?
What is the likely consequence of extensive collateral vessel circulation in cases of acute stenosis of the coronary vessel in unstable angina (UA)?
What is the likely consequence of extensive collateral vessel circulation in cases of acute stenosis of the coronary vessel in unstable angina (UA)?
What contributes to further myocardial injury in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) as debris from the occlusive plaque lesion is released?
What contributes to further myocardial injury in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) as debris from the occlusive plaque lesion is released?
What can the introduction of calcium, oxygen, and cellular elements into ischemic myocardium lead to?
What can the introduction of calcium, oxygen, and cellular elements into ischemic myocardium lead to?
What is the likely role of neutrophils in reperfusion injury in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the likely role of neutrophils in reperfusion injury in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause of approximately 10% of MIs, occurring without significant underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the primary cause of approximately 10% of MIs, occurring without significant underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the characteristic feature of platelet-rich thrombi in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the characteristic feature of platelet-rich thrombi in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary role of platelets in the thrombotic response to rupture of coronary artery plaque and subsequent ACS?
What is the primary role of platelets in the thrombotic response to rupture of coronary artery plaque and subsequent ACS?
What determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
What determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
At what percentage of vessel stenosis does inadequate perfusion usually result in ischemic symptoms at rest?
At what percentage of vessel stenosis does inadequate perfusion usually result in ischemic symptoms at rest?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What is the composition of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques in CAD?
What is the composition of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques in CAD?
Which of the following is the primary cause of approximately 10% of MIs, occurring without significant underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which of the following is the primary cause of approximately 10% of MIs, occurring without significant underlying coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What is the major difference between NSTEMI and STEMI in terms of myocardial injury?
What is the major difference between NSTEMI and STEMI in terms of myocardial injury?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
What represents the most extreme clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What has revolutionized the treatment of patients with STEMI, starting in the late 1980s?
What has revolutionized the treatment of patients with STEMI, starting in the late 1980s?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What is the focus of the rule-out (R/O) myocardial infarction (MI) strategy?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the characteristic of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques?
What is the characteristic of vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques?
What determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
What determines myocardial oxygen consumption?
At what percentage of coronary arterial vessel stenosis does inadequate perfusion usually result in ischemic symptoms at rest?
At what percentage of coronary arterial vessel stenosis does inadequate perfusion usually result in ischemic symptoms at rest?
What characterizes vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques in CAD?
What characterizes vulnerable, or unstable, fibro-lipid plaques in CAD?
What initiates the pathophysiologic process of ACS?
What initiates the pathophysiologic process of ACS?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause of thrombus formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further compromises blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What characterizes the most critical factors in the infarction in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What characterizes the most critical factors in the infarction in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is the primary cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What is the primary cause for presenting to the ED among men with approximately 49 million annual ED visits in the United States?
What further complicates blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What further complicates blood flow after significant coronary vessel occlusion in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What makes platelet-rich thrombi more resistant to fibrinolysis in ACS?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the characteristic feature of stable angina pectoris?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What is the approximate percentage of deaths from cardiovascular disease that occur in women?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What characterizes stable fibrous plaques in CAD?
What provided an important tool in the management of sudden cardiac death?
What provided an important tool in the management of sudden cardiac death?
What characterizes increasing or progressive angina?
What characterizes increasing or progressive angina?
What is the primary role of platelets in the thrombotic response to rupture of coronary artery plaque and subsequent ACS?
What is the primary role of platelets in the thrombotic response to rupture of coronary artery plaque and subsequent ACS?
What is the primary challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
What is the primary challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
Which population may exhibit less remarkable ACS presentations?
Which population may exhibit less remarkable ACS presentations?
What is a nontraditional symptom of ACS frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What is a nontraditional symptom of ACS frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What is the impact of prehospital 12-lead ECG on paramedic scene time?
What is the impact of prehospital 12-lead ECG on paramedic scene time?
What is the primary challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
What is the primary challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
What offers high specificity and positive predictive value for STEMI in patients with atraumatic chest pain?
What offers high specificity and positive predictive value for STEMI in patients with atraumatic chest pain?
What are nontraditional symptoms of ACS frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What are nontraditional symptoms of ACS frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What do older adults commonly note as the primary manifestation of ACS?
What do older adults commonly note as the primary manifestation of ACS?
What is a common atypical symptom of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What is a common atypical symptom of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What is the primary manifestation of ACS in older adults, according to the text?
What is the primary manifestation of ACS in older adults, according to the text?
What is the key challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
What is the key challenge in diagnosing ACS in the prehospital setting?
What is the impact of prehospital 12-lead ECG on paramedic scene time, according to the text?
What is the impact of prehospital 12-lead ECG on paramedic scene time, according to the text?
Which symptom is the most common angina equivalent presentation in ACS?
Which symptom is the most common angina equivalent presentation in ACS?
What should raise suspicion of ACS in the absence of a known history of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
What should raise suspicion of ACS in the absence of a known history of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Which symptoms are very uncommon sole presenting symptoms in ACS?
Which symptoms are very uncommon sole presenting symptoms in ACS?
What is a common misdiagnosis in cases of missed AMI?
What is a common misdiagnosis in cases of missed AMI?
Which term refers to a tightening sensation, not necessarily a pain?
Which term refers to a tightening sensation, not necessarily a pain?
Which structures can be involved in the radiation of discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
Which structures can be involved in the radiation of discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
Which symptoms are characteristically associated with angina pectoris?
Which symptoms are characteristically associated with angina pectoris?
What are the usual locations for discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
What are the usual locations for discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of angina pectoris?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of angina pectoris?
What structures can be involved in the radiation of discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
What structures can be involved in the radiation of discomfort associated with angina pectoris?
Which symptoms are characteristically associated with angina pectoris?
Which symptoms are characteristically associated with angina pectoris?
What is a term used to describe symptoms that arise without chest discomfort as a presenting pattern of known ischemic coronary disease?
What is a term used to describe symptoms that arise without chest discomfort as a presenting pattern of known ischemic coronary disease?
Which symptom is the most common angina equivalent presentation of ACS?
Which symptom is the most common angina equivalent presentation of ACS?
What should raise suspicion of ACS in the absence of a known history of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
What should raise suspicion of ACS in the absence of a known history of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Which presenting complaint may occasionally occur as the single presenting complaint in the ACS patient, especially in the extreme older patient population?
Which presenting complaint may occasionally occur as the single presenting complaint in the ACS patient, especially in the extreme older patient population?
What is a common misdiagnosis in cases of missed AMI?
What is a common misdiagnosis in cases of missed AMI?
What is a possible atypical feature of pain in ACS?
What is a possible atypical feature of pain in ACS?
Which factor is associated with presentations of ACS that do not feature classic anginal pain?
Which factor is associated with presentations of ACS that do not feature classic anginal pain?
What symptom is notably present in patients with AMI below age 85?
What symptom is notably present in patients with AMI below age 85?
What percentage of ED patients ultimately diagnosed with AMI did not have chest pain on presentation?
What percentage of ED patients ultimately diagnosed with AMI did not have chest pain on presentation?
What is the most common anginal equivalent complaint in patients older than 85 years?
What is the most common anginal equivalent complaint in patients older than 85 years?
Which population is at heightened risk for ACS and presenting with anginal equivalents?
Which population is at heightened risk for ACS and presenting with anginal equivalents?
What is a significant risk factor for AMI without a classic chest pain presentation?
What is a significant risk factor for AMI without a classic chest pain presentation?
What symptom is less likely to be attributed to cardiac symptoms by women?
What symptom is less likely to be attributed to cardiac symptoms by women?
What is a disparity in treatment approaches related to race and ethnicity in patients with acute manifestations of coronary heart disease?
What is a disparity in treatment approaches related to race and ethnicity in patients with acute manifestations of coronary heart disease?
What characteristic is associated with worse outcomes in ACS presentations without classic anginal chest pain?
What characteristic is associated with worse outcomes in ACS presentations without classic anginal chest pain?
What is the primary focus of diagnostic and management issues for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the primary focus of diagnostic and management issues for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What should emergency clinicians consider for all patients presenting with any chest discomfort, shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, nausea, or vomiting?
What should emergency clinicians consider for all patients presenting with any chest discomfort, shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, nausea, or vomiting?
Which symptom may serve as an anginal equivalent in patients with ACS?
Which symptom may serve as an anginal equivalent in patients with ACS?
What is a common feature of ACS presentations without classic anginal chest pain?
What is a common feature of ACS presentations without classic anginal chest pain?
What percentage of ED patients ultimately diagnosed with AMI did not have chest pain on presentation?
What percentage of ED patients ultimately diagnosed with AMI did not have chest pain on presentation?
What symptoms are notably present in patients below age 85 with AMI?
What symptoms are notably present in patients below age 85 with AMI?
What is a common atypical symptom of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
What is a common atypical symptom of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) frequently exhibited by diabetic patients?
Which age group is more likely to have an anginal equivalent complaint, especially dyspnea?
Which age group is more likely to have an anginal equivalent complaint, especially dyspnea?
What is a significant risk factor for AMI without a classic chest pain presentation?
What is a significant risk factor for AMI without a classic chest pain presentation?
What is a disparity in treatment approaches related to in patients with acute manifestations of coronary heart disease?
What is a disparity in treatment approaches related to in patients with acute manifestations of coronary heart disease?
What is the approximate increased in-hospital mortality for patients aged 85 years and older compared to those aged 65 years or younger?
What is the approximate increased in-hospital mortality for patients aged 85 years and older compared to those aged 65 years or younger?
What do women with AMI frequently attribute their cardiac symptoms to?
What do women with AMI frequently attribute their cardiac symptoms to?
What is a heightened risk factor for ACS and presenting with anginal equivalents?
What is a heightened risk factor for ACS and presenting with anginal equivalents?
What is more likely to occur in older adults due to physiologic stress from another acute condition (e.g., trauma, infection)?
What is more likely to occur in older adults due to physiologic stress from another acute condition (e.g., trauma, infection)?
What are common findings in patients with severe forms of unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What are common findings in patients with severe forms of unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the real incidence of reproducible chest wall tenderness in ACS?
What is the real incidence of reproducible chest wall tenderness in ACS?
What percentage of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) experience bradydysrhythmia and atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks?
What percentage of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) experience bradydysrhythmia and atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks?
What findings are associated with the ill ACS patient?
What findings are associated with the ill ACS patient?
What is the response pattern of atropine in symptomatic bradydysrhythmias in the first few hours after inferior STEMI?
What is the response pattern of atropine in symptomatic bradydysrhythmias in the first few hours after inferior STEMI?
What is the prognosis for patients with AV block in the setting of anterior STEMI?
What is the prognosis for patients with AV block in the setting of anterior STEMI?
When does primary ventricular fibrillation commonly occur in patients with AMI?
When does primary ventricular fibrillation commonly occur in patients with AMI?
How is cardiogenic shock defined in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
How is cardiogenic shock defined in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is a common finding in patients with severe forms of unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is a common finding in patients with severe forms of unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is the real incidence of reproducible chest wall tenderness in patients with ACS?
What is the real incidence of reproducible chest wall tenderness in patients with ACS?
What is the occurrence rate of bradydysrhythmia and atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks in patients with AMI?
What is the occurrence rate of bradydysrhythmia and atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks in patients with AMI?
What is the significance of sinus bradycardia in the context of AMI?
What is the significance of sinus bradycardia in the context of AMI?
Which type of bradydysrhythmias in the setting of AMI tend not to respond to atropine?
Which type of bradydysrhythmias in the setting of AMI tend not to respond to atropine?
What is the estimated percentage of patients with AMI who experience primary ventricular fibrillation within the first 4 hours?
What is the estimated percentage of patients with AMI who experience primary ventricular fibrillation within the first 4 hours?
What is cardiogenic shock defined as in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
What is cardiogenic shock defined as in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?
Which statement is true regarding tachydysrhythmias in the setting of AMI?
Which statement is true regarding tachydysrhythmias in the setting of AMI?
What is a potentially life-threatening condition that should be strongly considered when evaluating a patient for nontraumatic chest pain?
What is a potentially life-threatening condition that should be strongly considered when evaluating a patient for nontraumatic chest pain?
Which condition is considered a non–life-threatening cause of nontraumatic chest pain, but can lead to significant morbidity?
Which condition is considered a non–life-threatening cause of nontraumatic chest pain, but can lead to significant morbidity?
What condition is included in the differential diagnosis of ACS and is characterized by various gastrointestinal maladies?
What condition is included in the differential diagnosis of ACS and is characterized by various gastrointestinal maladies?
Which of the following is a non–life-threatening cause of nontraumatic chest pain?
Which of the following is a non–life-threatening cause of nontraumatic chest pain?
What should be strongly considered when evaluating a patient for nontraumatic chest pain?
What should be strongly considered when evaluating a patient for nontraumatic chest pain?
Which condition is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
Which condition is characterized by myocardial cell death but not ST segment elevation?
What ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What ECG finding indicates an increased cardiovascular risk in the context of ACS?
What ECG finding indicates an increased cardiovascular risk in the context of ACS?
What does ST segment elevation on ECG establish candidacy for in the management of ACS?
What does ST segment elevation on ECG establish candidacy for in the management of ACS?
Why is rhythm determination essential in the context of ACS?
Why is rhythm determination essential in the context of ACS?
What is a limitation of the diagnostic abilities of the ECG in ACS?
What is a limitation of the diagnostic abilities of the ECG in ACS?
What is emphasized as the most important diagnostic study for patients with chest symptoms?
What is emphasized as the most important diagnostic study for patients with chest symptoms?
What is a key consideration regarding the interpretation of a single ECG in isolation?
What is a key consideration regarding the interpretation of a single ECG in isolation?
What can be misleading when evaluating a currently asymptomatic patient with a history of intermittent anginal chest pain?
What can be misleading when evaluating a currently asymptomatic patient with a history of intermittent anginal chest pain?
What is important to consider about the elapsed time from symptom onset to normal ECGs in ruling out AMI?
What is important to consider about the elapsed time from symptom onset to normal ECGs in ruling out AMI?
What can happen to patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG who later develop AMI during hospitalization?
What can happen to patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG who later develop AMI during hospitalization?
What should not be overemphasized when evaluating a currently asymptomatic patient with a history of intermittent anginal chest pain?
What should not be overemphasized when evaluating a currently asymptomatic patient with a history of intermittent anginal chest pain?
What remains uncertain despite morphologic changes that may occur in ACS?
What remains uncertain despite morphologic changes that may occur in ACS?
Which ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
Which ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What ECG finding may indicate an increased cardiovascular risk in the context of ACS?
What ECG finding may indicate an increased cardiovascular risk in the context of ACS?
What does the presence of LBBB on ECG suggest in the context of ACS?
What does the presence of LBBB on ECG suggest in the context of ACS?
What does the ST segment elevation on ECG establish in the context of ACS?
What does the ST segment elevation on ECG establish in the context of ACS?
What is the role of the ECG in diagnosing ACS?
What is the role of the ECG in diagnosing ACS?
What limits the diagnostic abilities of the ECG in ACS?
What limits the diagnostic abilities of the ECG in ACS?
What should not be overemphasized when interpreting a normal or nonspecifically abnormal ECG?
What should not be overemphasized when interpreting a normal or nonspecifically abnormal ECG?
What is the most important diagnostic study for patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG?
What is the most important diagnostic study for patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG?
What is a potential consequence of relying solely on a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is a potential consequence of relying solely on a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is often seen in patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG who later develop AMI during hospitalization?
What is often seen in patients with an initial nondiagnostic ECG who later develop AMI during hospitalization?
What is one limitation of using a single ECG to rule out AMI?
What is one limitation of using a single ECG to rule out AMI?
What remains uncertain about the current clinical use of ECG information in diagnosing ACS?
What remains uncertain about the current clinical use of ECG information in diagnosing ACS?
What is emphasized as more important than a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is emphasized as more important than a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is a common finding in ECGs of adults with chest pain?
What is a common finding in ECGs of adults with chest pain?
What is a characteristic of the ST segment elevation in 'benign early repolarization' (BER)?
What is a characteristic of the ST segment elevation in 'benign early repolarization' (BER)?
How is ST segment elevation of 'benign early repolarization' (BER) different from the pathologic ST segment elevation of STEMI?
How is ST segment elevation of 'benign early repolarization' (BER) different from the pathologic ST segment elevation of STEMI?
What should be used as the baseline when measuring ST segment elevation?
What should be used as the baseline when measuring ST segment elevation?
What is the earliest electrocardiographic finding in STEMI?
What is the earliest electrocardiographic finding in STEMI?
In addition to acute ischemia, what else can cause tall T waves on an ECG?
In addition to acute ischemia, what else can cause tall T waves on an ECG?
What morphologic variations of ST segment elevation can be seen in STEMI?
What morphologic variations of ST segment elevation can be seen in STEMI?
What characterizes the upsloping portion of the ST segment in STEMI?
What characterizes the upsloping portion of the ST segment in STEMI?
What is the earliest electrocardiographic finding in STEMI?
What is the earliest electrocardiographic finding in STEMI?
What may be included in the differential diagnosis of the tall T wave seen in acute ischemia?
What may be included in the differential diagnosis of the tall T wave seen in acute ischemia?
What morphologic variations of ST segment elevation can be seen as STEMI progresses?
What morphologic variations of ST segment elevation can be seen as STEMI progresses?
What is a potential cause for concave or scooped elevation of the ST segment in STEMI?
What is a potential cause for concave or scooped elevation of the ST segment in STEMI?
What is the baseline typically used when measuring ST segment elevation on an ECG?
What is the baseline typically used when measuring ST segment elevation on an ECG?
In what population is 'benign early repolarization' (BER) commonly seen?
In what population is 'benign early repolarization' (BER) commonly seen?
What differentiates normal ST segment elevation from the pathologic ST segment elevation of STEMI?
What differentiates normal ST segment elevation from the pathologic ST segment elevation of STEMI?
What type of ST segment elevation morphology is atypical for STEMI?
What type of ST segment elevation morphology is atypical for STEMI?
Which type of myocardial infarction is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Which type of myocardial infarction is characterized by myocardial cell death and ST segment elevation?
Where is the reciprocal ST segment depression best seen in an inferior MI?
Where is the reciprocal ST segment depression best seen in an inferior MI?
What do reciprocal changes in the setting of STEMI increase?
What do reciprocal changes in the setting of STEMI increase?
In which leads may anterior STEMI feature reciprocal ST segment depression?
In which leads may anterior STEMI feature reciprocal ST segment depression?
What does ST segment depression generally represent in ED patients with chest pain or anginal equivalent?
What does ST segment depression generally represent in ED patients with chest pain or anginal equivalent?
What type of contour is less frequently associated with ischemic ST segment depression?
What type of contour is less frequently associated with ischemic ST segment depression?
In which condition can subendocardial ischemic ST segment depression be diffuse, spanning anterior and inferior leads?
In which condition can subendocardial ischemic ST segment depression be diffuse, spanning anterior and inferior leads?
Which condition is included in the differential diagnosis of ST segment depression?
Which condition is included in the differential diagnosis of ST segment depression?
Which ECG finding may indicate reciprocal ST segment depression with STEMI?
Which ECG finding may indicate reciprocal ST segment depression with STEMI?
In which type of MI is reciprocal ST segment depression more frequently manifested in lead aVL?
In which type of MI is reciprocal ST segment depression more frequently manifested in lead aVL?
Which ECG finding characterizes reciprocal changes in the setting of STEMI?
Which ECG finding characterizes reciprocal changes in the setting of STEMI?
Where is reciprocal ST segment depression best seen in the case of inferior MI?
Where is reciprocal ST segment depression best seen in the case of inferior MI?
Which of the following is a less frequently associated contour with ischemic ST segment depression?
Which of the following is a less frequently associated contour with ischemic ST segment depression?
In the context of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), which condition may cause ST segment depression and can be a differential diagnosis?
In the context of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), which condition may cause ST segment depression and can be a differential diagnosis?
What type of ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
What type of ECG finding is diagnostic for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?
Which condition can mimic ischemic ST segment depression on an ECG?
Which condition can mimic ischemic ST segment depression on an ECG?
In which leads are T waves normally upright?
In which leads are T waves normally upright?
Which type of T wave inversions is associated with Wellens syndrome?
Which type of T wave inversions is associated with Wellens syndrome?
Where are T wave vectors normally variable?
Where are T wave vectors normally variable?
How are T wave inversions of ACS classically described?
How are T wave inversions of ACS classically described?
In which leads are T waves normally upright?
In which leads are T waves normally upright?
Which type of T wave inversions are classically narrow and symmetrical in ACS?
Which type of T wave inversions are classically narrow and symmetrical in ACS?
In which leads are T waves normally inverted?
In which leads are T waves normally inverted?
Where may T waves be normally inverted in addition to lead V1?
Where may T waves be normally inverted in addition to lead V1?
Which leads primarily reflect septal involvement in anterior infarctions?
Which leads primarily reflect septal involvement in anterior infarctions?
In anterior STEMI, reciprocal ST segment depression may occur in which leads?
In anterior STEMI, reciprocal ST segment depression may occur in which leads?
ST segment elevation in lead aVR should prompt consideration of occlusion of which artery?
ST segment elevation in lead aVR should prompt consideration of occlusion of which artery?
Which artery is likely to be involved when the ST segment elevation extends to leads I and aVL?
Which artery is likely to be involved when the ST segment elevation extends to leads I and aVL?
Which artery is usually responsible for serving the inferior wall of the heart and AV node?
Which artery is usually responsible for serving the inferior wall of the heart and AV node?
What ECG finding indicates occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery or first diagonal?
What ECG finding indicates occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery or first diagonal?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with de Winter ECG pattern?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with de Winter ECG pattern?
What may ST segment elevation in lead V1 in the presence of an inferior MI suggest?
What may ST segment elevation in lead V1 in the presence of an inferior MI suggest?
What is the characteristic feature of high lateral infarctions?
What is the characteristic feature of high lateral infarctions?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with lateral infarctions?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with lateral infarctions?
What is indicated by ST segment depression in leads V1 to V3 during an inferior MI?
What is indicated by ST segment depression in leads V1 to V3 during an inferior MI?
What may be associated with diffuse endocardial ischemia due to hypoperfusion?
What may be associated with diffuse endocardial ischemia due to hypoperfusion?
What is suggested by greater ST segment elevation occurring alongside greater elevation occurring on either leads aVR or V1?
What is suggested by greater ST segment elevation occurring alongside greater elevation occurring on either leads aVR or V1?
Which leads primarily reflect changes in septal involvement in anterior infarctions?
Which leads primarily reflect changes in septal involvement in anterior infarctions?
In anterior STEMI, which leads may show reciprocal ST segment depression?
In anterior STEMI, which leads may show reciprocal ST segment depression?
Which artery serves the anterior wall and its occlusion can lead to anterior or anterolateral STEMI?
Which artery serves the anterior wall and its occlusion can lead to anterior or anterolateral STEMI?
What is a high-risk presentation in ACS that should prompt consideration of occlusion of the left main coronary artery?
What is a high-risk presentation in ACS that should prompt consideration of occlusion of the left main coronary artery?
Which leads primarily reflect septal involvement in an anterior myocardial infarction?
Which leads primarily reflect septal involvement in an anterior myocardial infarction?
In anterior STEMI, reciprocal ST segment depression may occur in which leads?
In anterior STEMI, reciprocal ST segment depression may occur in which leads?
Which artery is likely to be involved when the ST segment elevation extends to leads I and aVL in anterior wall STEMI?
Which artery is likely to be involved when the ST segment elevation extends to leads I and aVL in anterior wall STEMI?
What should prompt consideration of occlusion of the left main coronary artery in a patient with ACS symptoms?
What should prompt consideration of occlusion of the left main coronary artery in a patient with ACS symptoms?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with de Winter ECG pattern?
What is the characteristic ECG finding associated with de Winter ECG pattern?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy to reduce the total evaluation time and improve throughput?
What has been added to the chest pain evaluation strategy to reduce the total evaluation time and improve throughput?
What is emphasized as more important than a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is emphasized as more important than a single ECG for diagnosing ACS?
What is indicated by ST segment depression in leads V1 to V3 during an inferior MI?
What is indicated by ST segment depression in leads V1 to V3 during an inferior MI?
What do older adults commonly note as the primary manifestation of ACS?
What do older adults commonly note as the primary manifestation of ACS?
What ECG findings are suggestive of acute posterior myocardial infarction?
What ECG findings are suggestive of acute posterior myocardial infarction?
Where does the culprit lesion causing posterior infarctions most commonly occur?
Where does the culprit lesion causing posterior infarctions most commonly occur?
What percentage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases demonstrate elevated ST segments only in accessory leads, posterior leads V7 through V9?
What percentage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases demonstrate elevated ST segments only in accessory leads, posterior leads V7 through V9?
Why is diagnosing acute posterior myocardial infarction challenging with a 12-lead ECG?
Why is diagnosing acute posterior myocardial infarction challenging with a 12-lead ECG?
What percentage of all AMIs are estimated to be posterior infarctions?
What percentage of all AMIs are estimated to be posterior infarctions?
Which leads may show reciprocal ST segment changes in the context of acute posterior myocardial infarction?
Which leads may show reciprocal ST segment changes in the context of acute posterior myocardial infarction?
What combination of findings in leads V1 to V3 increases the diagnostic accuracy for acute posterior MI?
What combination of findings in leads V1 to V3 increases the diagnostic accuracy for acute posterior MI?
Where may the culprit lesion be located in cases of posterior infarctions?
Where may the culprit lesion be located in cases of posterior infarctions?
What is the association between right ventricular infarctions and inferior MI?
What is the association between right ventricular infarctions and inferior MI?
What percentage of inferior infarctions have associated infarction of the right ventricle?
What percentage of inferior infarctions have associated infarction of the right ventricle?
In what type of MI may an anterior MI involve some right ventricular infarction?
In what type of MI may an anterior MI involve some right ventricular infarction?
In what percentage of inferior infarctions is there associated infarction of the right ventricle?
In what percentage of inferior infarctions is there associated infarction of the right ventricle?
Which type of myocardial infarction is right ventricular infarction usually associated with?
Which type of myocardial infarction is right ventricular infarction usually associated with?
What is the likelihood of right ventricular infarction occurring in isolation?
What is the likelihood of right ventricular infarction occurring in isolation?
Study Notes
Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction Definitions
- Unstable angina (UA) is different from stable angina and can be severe, possibly indicating an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and should be treated aggressively in such cases.
- UA can be defined by the patient's presentation and from a pathophysiologic perspective, involving plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and vasospasm.
- Variant angina, also known as Prinzmetal angina, is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG.
- Acute myocardial infarction involves myocardial cell death with necrosis, and clinical criteria have been developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and European Society for Cardiology (ESC).
- Myocardial injury is defined by elevated cardiac troponin values, and myocardial infarction is when there is acute myocardial injury with specific symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, imaging evidence, or angiographic evidence.
- The classification of AMI includes types 1 through 5, each representing different clinical situations.
- The five primary types of infarction are described by the classification: spontaneous MI, MI secondary to ischemia, sudden unexpected cardiac death, MI associated with coronary instrumentation, and MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting.
- Diagnostic and management issues for AMI differ depending on the subtype of MI encountered.
- Serum markers and ECG abnormalities classify AMI at presentation as either NSTEMI or STEMI, with important implications for management, outcome, and prognosis.
- Previous descriptors, such as transmural, non-transmural, Q wave, and non-Q wave MI, fail to adequately describe the coronary event and its related pathophysiology, electrocardiographic presentation, and pathologic outcome.
- The differentiation between STEMI and NSTEMI has important implications in management, outcome, and prognosis for patients with AMI.
Unstable Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction Definitions
- Unstable angina (UA) is different from stable angina and can be severe, possibly indicating an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and should be treated aggressively in such cases.
- UA can be defined by the patient's presentation and from a pathophysiologic perspective, involving plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and vasospasm.
- Variant angina, also known as Prinzmetal angina, is caused by coronary artery vasospasm at rest and may be relieved by exercise or NTG.
- Acute myocardial infarction involves myocardial cell death with necrosis, and clinical criteria have been developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and European Society for Cardiology (ESC).
- Myocardial injury is defined by elevated cardiac troponin values, and myocardial infarction is when there is acute myocardial injury with specific symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, imaging evidence, or angiographic evidence.
- The classification of AMI includes types 1 through 5, each representing different clinical situations.
- The five primary types of infarction are described by the classification: spontaneous MI, MI secondary to ischemia, sudden unexpected cardiac death, MI associated with coronary instrumentation, and MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting.
- Diagnostic and management issues for AMI differ depending on the subtype of MI encountered.
- Serum markers and ECG abnormalities classify AMI at presentation as either NSTEMI or STEMI, with important implications for management, outcome, and prognosis.
- Previous descriptors, such as transmural, non-transmural, Q wave, and non-Q wave MI, fail to adequately describe the coronary event and its related pathophysiology, electrocardiographic presentation, and pathologic outcome.
- The differentiation between STEMI and NSTEMI has important implications in management, outcome, and prognosis for patients with AMI.
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Page 849-862 (Electrocardiographic Differential Diagnosis of ST Segment Elevation-(NOT included)
