Acute and Chronic Gastritis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of acute gastritis?

Autoimmune reaction targeting gastric mucosa

Chronic bacterial infection

Ingestion of irritating substances or poor gastric perfusion (correct)

Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors

What is the typical time frame for the development of acute gastritis?

Years of repeated exposure to irritants

Rapidly over a short period (correct)

Over a span of a few weeks

Gradually over several months

Which of the following best describes the role of gastric acid in acute gastritis based on the information provided?

Gastric acid hypersecretion is a confirmed factor in the development of acute gastritis.

Gastric acid hypersecretion is the primary cause of acute gastritis.

Gastric acid plays no significant role in the inflammation process of acute gastritis.

The role of gastric acid hypersecretion in acute gastritis is not fully understood. (correct)

What is a consequence of gastric acid escaping and eroding nearby tissue in acute gastritis?

Severe gastric perforation Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of acute gastritis if the causative agent is removed?

Reversal of the condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical symptom of acute gastritis?

Hematemesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key diagnostic method used to identify ulcers in the mucosa during investigation of gastritis?

Endoscopic examination Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line treatment for acute gastritis?

Discontinuing ingestion of irritating substance Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent cause of chronic gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori Signup and view all the answers

How does Helicobacter pylori neutralize the pH of the stomach?

By producing an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mode of transmission for Helicobacter pylori?

Person-to-person contact through saliva or stool Signup and view all the answers

In chronic autoimmune gastritis, which cells are directly targeted?

Parietal cells Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chronic Helicobacter pylori infection have on gastric acid production?

Gastric acid production is decreased Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of antibodies targeting parietal cells in the stomach?

Reduced gastric acid secretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is essential for vitamin B12 absorption in the body?

Intrinsic Factor (IF). Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical outcome of impaired DNA synthesis in red blood cells (RBCs)?

Decrease in RBC count. Signup and view all the answers

A patient has a deficiency of intrinsic factor, which leads to reduced absorption of B12. Which condition is the patient most likely to develop?

Pernicious Anaemia. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the urea breath test in diagnosing chronic gastritis?

Detects the presence of H. pylori by measuring the carbon dioxide produced when urea is broken down. Signup and view all the answers

Which test will help to diagnose autoimmune gastritis?

Endoscopic examination and biopsy of gastric tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely treatment for chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection?

Multiple antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the treatment for autoimmune gastritis include?

Immunosuppressants and B12 injections. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Applied Pathophysiology: Inflammation and Tissue Repair

This lecture series covers Chapter 3 and Module 4 of Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach to the Mechanisms of Disease.
The series (MPAT12001) is on Medical Pathophysiology.
The material is adapted from a 2017 publication.

Acute Gastritis

Inflammation: Affects the gastric mucosa.
Causes: Ingestion of irritants like medications, alcohol, or microorganisms.
Development: Occurs over a short period and is usually reversible.
Gastric Acid: The role of increased gastric acid hypersecretion is unclear.
Pathophysiology:
- Ingestion of irritants and/or poor gastric perfusion causes acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa
- Mild redness/erythema (inflammation) develops
- Gastric acid can leak and erode nearby tissue
- Severe cases can cause perforation (a hole in the stomach wall), necrosis (death of stomach cells), and erosion of underlying tissues.

Acute Gastritis Clinical Manifestations

Severity-dependent symptoms:
- Mild to severe abdominal pain
- Indigestion (heartburn)
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
- Anemia (due to mild bleeding)
- Severe hemorrhage and perforation can lead to shock and medical emergency

Acute Gastritis Diagnosis

History and Physical Examination: Assessing medications, alcohol, food history, and symptoms.
Potential Ischemia Indicators: Consideration of conditions causing reduced blood flow.
Abdominal Tenderness: Examination for pain and sensitivity.
Endoscopy: Examining the stomach lining to detect ulcers.
Stool Analysis: Checking for blood in the stool.
Hemoglobin/Hematocrit and Complete Blood Count: Identifying anemia based on blood levels.

Acute Gastritis Treatment

Discontinue Irritants: Stop ingesting the offending substances.
Buffer Stomach Acid: Reduce gastric acid production to limit damage.
Prognosis: Generally good when treated promptly.

Chronic Gastritis

Causes:
- Unrelenting Injury: Repeated or persistent harm.
- Chronic Infection (H. pylori): Chronic bacterial infection.
- Autoimmunity: Immune response against the stomach.
Prevalence: Highest in Asia and developing countries, with 50% of the world population potentially infected.
Pathological Effects: Effects occur in 10-20% of those infected.

Chronic Gastritis (H. Pylori) Pathophysiology

H. Pylori: Gram-negative bacteria.
Transmission: Person-to-person (saliva, stool).
Effect: Bacteria replicate on the gastric lining and mucus layer.
- Enzymes neutralize acid, enabling further replication.
- Toxins produced lead to damage of protective mucus barrier.
- Intense inflammation results in triggered injury.
- Epithelial cells suffer atrophy and the acid-producing function is impaired.

Chronic Gastritis (Autoimmune) Pathophysiology

Parietal Cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Anti-Parietal Cell Antibodies: Trigger inflammation and impair HCl secretion.
Intrinsic Factor (IF): Crucial for Vitamin B12 absorption.
Anti-Intrinsic Factor Antibodies: Impair Vitamin B12 absorption—B12 required for RBC synthesis.
RBCs: Decreased production due to impaired B12.
Anemia: Develops due to decreased RBC production (e.g., pernicious anemia)
T-cells: Immune cells which infiltrate the gastric mucosa contributing to inflammation.

Chronic Gastritis Clinical Manifestations

H. Pylori Infection:
- Most infected individuals are asymptomatic.
- Symptoms include dyspepsia (upper abdominal discomfort), nausea, heartburn, loss of appetite, and vomiting for those who do develop symptoms.
Autoimmune:
- First sign is often pernicious anemia (deficiency in intrinsic factor).
- Common symptoms include weakness, fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.

Chronic Gastritis Diagnosis

H. Pylori:
- Endoscopy: Examining the stomach lining
- Biopsy: Studying tissue samples
- Urea breath test: Detecting H. pylori
- Measuring CO2
Autoimmune:
- Biopsy of stomach tissue
- Measuring specific antibodies in the blood for auto-immunity
- Testing for Vitamin B12 levels

Chronic Gastritis Treatment

H. Pylori Infection:
- Use of antibiotics to control infection
- Proton pump inhibitors to increase pH to promote healing.
- Chronic peptic ulcers can possibly develop.
Autoimmune:
- Immunosuppressants to reduce the auto-immune attack.
- Vitamin B12 injections/supplements as needed.
- Preventing potential later development of gastric cancer.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the causes, symptoms, and treatments of acute and chronic gastritis. This quiz covers key concepts including the role of Helicobacter pylori, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Perfect for students studying human biology or healthcare professionals.