Actors in International Relations
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a state to be considered a primary actor in the international system?

  • Defined territory
  • Permanent population
  • Government capable of conducting international relations
  • Participation in international organizations (correct)

    • Non-state actors only include countries and their governments.

    False

    What are the two main categories of actors in international relations?

    State actors and non-state actors

    IGOs are created by __________ for specific objectives.

    <p>nation-states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of actors with their definitions:

    <p>IGOs = Voluntary associations of sovereign states pursuing cooperative objectives NGOs = Organizations created by individuals or groups to address societal issues States = Organizing institutions that define the international system Non-state actors = Entities operating across national borders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has challenged the state-centric concept of politics in international relations?

    <p>Influence of non-state actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of nation-states as the primary actors in international relations has remained unchanged since the Cold War.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of IGOs include the __________ and the __________.

    <p>UN, NATO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement?

    <p>Promote fossil fuel reliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Civilians are often the main victims of terrorism designed to send messages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioterrorism?

    <p>The use of biological agents to cause harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a significant consequence contributing to population displacement due to environmental changes.

    <p>Resource scarcity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of terrorism with their descriptions:

    <p>Cyberterrorism = Use of technology for planning attacks in the virtual world Bioterrorism = Use of biological agents for harm Death Squads = State-sponsored clandestine agents Transnational Crime = Includes human smuggling, drug trafficking, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was designed to combat terrorism while raising civil liberties concerns?

    <p>USA PATRIOT Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poor countries are less affected by climate change due to their strong institutional capacity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'threat multiplier' refer to regarding climate change?

    <p>Factors that exacerbate existing environmental stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth's average temperature before industrial times is approximately ___ °C.

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact has increased atmospheric CO₂ had since pre-industrial times?

    <p>Increased by 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of states according to neo-realism?

    <p>Survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neo-realism, states act as irrational actors based on their emotions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do balancing and bandwagoning represent in the context of realism?

    <p>Balancing is forming alliances against a rising power, while bandwagoning is aligning with a rising power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of the __________ dilemma illustrates challenges in achieving cooperation due to mutual distrust among states.

    <p>security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophical figures to their contributions to political theory:

    <p>Montesquieu = Optimism for human nature Kant = Importance of democracy and law Wilson = Collective security advocate Keohane = Institutions as facilitators for cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that cooperation between states is possible?

    <p>Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The War in Ukraine is often interpreted by realists as a consequence of NATO's expansion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neoliberalism differ from realism?

    <p>Neoliberalism emphasizes cooperation among rational actors in an anarchic system while realism focuses on competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kant's view, peace can emerge if states share features such as __________ democracy and adherence to international law.

    <p>representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theorists to their main focus areas:

    <p>Montesquieu = Liberalism Kant = Peace and cooperation Keohane = Institutions and cooperation Morgenthau = Power politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is central to fostering cooperation according to neoliberal thought?

    <p>Absolute gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Realists believe that military force usage is declining in the international system due to shared interests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key actors identified in the study of international relations?

    <p>States, nongovernmental groups, and international organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    States are viewed as __________ actors that pursue self-interest in an anarchic environment.

    <p>rational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)?

    <p>To reduce uncertainty and find solutions to international problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multinational corporations (MNCs) typically operate in only one country.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NGOs primarily known for?

    <p>Advocacy for social issues and providing social services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MNCs are categorized based on the type of _______ they conduct.

    <p>business</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key concepts of realism with their descriptions:

    <p>State-Centric View = Focuses on states as the primary actors in international politics Anarchy = The absence of an overarching authority in the international system National Interest = The pursuit of power to protect state sovereignty Balancing = Counteracting the power of more dominant states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of foreign aid is estimated to go through NGOs?

    <p>15 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liberalism sees MNCs as detrimental to the global economy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered a prominent realist theorist that argued international politics is a struggle for power?

    <p>Hans Morgenthau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of power structure where one dominant state exists is called _______.

    <p>unipolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Bandwagoning = Aligning with a more powerful state Security Dilemma = Concern about relative gains leads to arms buildup Relative Gains = Comparative increase in power versus others Dynamic Power Cycles = Concept of hegemonic rise and decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of intergovernmental organizations?

    <p>Promoting corporate interests of MNCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to realism, states act rationally primarily based on security and power interests.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NGOs play in international relations?

    <p>They serve as advocates, provide social services, and facilitate state cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The international system is described as _______ under realism.

    <p>anarchic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key assumption of Constructivism in International Relations?

    <p>Agents and structures mutually influence each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constructivism emphasizes the power of shared ideas, social values, and history in shaping international actions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Non-Traditional Security (NTS)?

    <p>Non-military challenges to security, including human security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Constructivist theory, the international system is primarily viewed as a ______ structure.

    <p>relational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their definitions:

    <p>Norms = Standards for appropriate behavior within specific identities Security Communities = Groups of states with shared identities that cooperate Violent Non-State Actors = Groups that use violence to achieve political goals outside state control Anarchy = A socially constructed absence of overarching authority in international relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'mutual constitution' refer to in Constructivism?

    <p>Agents shape structures, while structures shape agents through interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anarchy in international relations is considered an inherent state of affairs according to Constructivist theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two major paradigm theories does Constructivism challenge?

    <p>Realism and Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary source of profit in capitalism is ______.

    <p>labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples to their appropriate theories:

    <p>Communism in Russia = Revolution related to class struggle Nuclear arms interpretations = Constructivist view of meanings assigned to material objects Post-WWII military strategies = Traditional security focus Human security interests = Non-Traditional Security approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Non-Traditional Security (NTS)?

    <p>Focus on military threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Security Communities are formed when states lack common identities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of norms in international politics?

    <p>They are standards for appropriate behavior that emerge from collective beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that emphasizes the importance of historical, cultural, and social contexts on country actions is known as ______.

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a Violent Non-State Actor (VNSA)?

    <p>Trade unions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democratic Peace Theory suggests that democracies are likely to go to war with each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical document is associated with the origins of Democratic Peace Theory?

    <p>Perpetual Peace essay by Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statistical correlation between democracies and peace is considered ______.

    <p>robust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the definitions of terrorism with their sources:

    <p>House of Representatives = Illegitimate, premeditated violence by subnational groups State Department = Politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets FBI = Unlawful use of force to intimidate for political objectives DOD = Calculated use of violence to instill fear for ideological goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a part of the structural explanation of Democratic Peace Theory?

    <p>Mass propaganda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elections in democracies are believed to reduce the likelihood of hastily entering into war.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of terrorist mentioned in the content.

    <p>Nationalist terrorists, Religious terrorists, State-sponsored terrorists, Left-wing terrorists, Right-wing terrorists, or Anarchist terrorists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EU Directive on Combatting Terrorism highlights acts intended to seriously _______ a population.

    <p>intimidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge to the Democratic Peace Theory?

    <p>Historical examples of immorality in democratically elected governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Definitions of terrorism are universally agreed upon across different jurisdictions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one impact of terrorism on international relations.

    <p>Difficulty in formulating international agreements against terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transnational terrorism often leads to ______ consequences with little prior warning.

    <p>catastrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue in defining terrorism according to the content?

    <p>Vague definitions across different governmental bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radicalization processes are well understood and easily profiled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary resource does the soft power of a country rely on?

    <p>Cultural attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hard power is primarily based on persuasion and attraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two actors involved in Neo-Liberal Institutionalism.

    <p>States and international organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under collective security, states agree to abide by certain norms and rules to maintain ___.

    <p>stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Hard Power = Coercion and payment Soft Power = Attraction and persuasion Neo-Liberal Institutionalism = Role of international institutions Collective Security = Stability through cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Marxism's view on class?

    <p>Class is the dominant actor in the international system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marx believed that capitalism would spread and destroy national divisions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main classes identified by Marx in relation to the mode of production.

    <p>Bourgeoisie and Proletariat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marxists view capitalism as a ___ economic system.

    <p>predatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theorist to their contribution:

    <p>Karl Marx = Communist Manifesto Woodrow Wilson = International organizations for peace Friedrich Engels = Collaborator with Marx Lenin = World-systems theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Liberalism according to the provided content?

    <p>Conflict is inevitable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marxists believe religion is beneficial as it promotes social cohesion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxists, what is the primary means of ending exploitation?

    <p>Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The level of analysis in Neo-Liberal Institutionalism focuses on the ___ system.

    <p>international</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Actors in International Relations

    • International relations involve various actors: states, groups of states, societies, and individuals.
    • Actors have the capacity to influence international relations.
    • Actors categorized as state actors (states) and non-state actors.
    • State actors are fundamental to the international system, theoretically needing defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and international recognition.
    • Non-state actors (transnational actors) operate across borders.
    • Non-state actors like international organizations and multinational corporations challenge the state-centric view.
    • International governmental organizations (IGOs) are comprised of states, formed to pursue common objectives through formal structures.
    • Examples include the UN, EU, NATO, IMF, and World Bank.
    • Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are non-state actors formed by individuals and societal groups, advocating for various causes.
    • NGOs focus on social service, community development, environmental protection, and advocacy for the disadvantaged.
    • Multi-national corporations (MNCs) are significant economic actors; they conduct business globally and hold influence over states' policies.
    • MNCs' activities shape international relations and drive economic integration.

    Realism and Neo-Realism

    • Realism prioritizes state actors, emphasizing their pursuit of national interests (primarily security and power).
    • International systems are considered anarchic, necessitating self-help for survival.
    • State interests are prioritized, focusing on relative gains over absolute gains.
    • Realist strategies include balancing (countering powerful states) and bandwagoning (aligning with powerful states).
    • Neo-realism focuses on the international system's structure (e.g., polarity).
    • Leaders and states act rationally in pursuit of national interests.
    • Power dynamics are crucial in shaping relations.
    • Realism explains Russia's invasion of Ukraine as a response to perceived threats to its security.

    Liberalism and Neoliberal Institutionalism

    • Liberalism emphasizes cooperation and peace, emphasizing the potential for positive interactions amongst states.
    • Liberalism is rooted in enlightenment optimism, focusing on human rationality and societal improvements.
    • Liberal policies promote democracy, free trade, and individual freedoms.
    • Neoliberal Institutionalism builds on realism, acknowledging the anarchic system but highlighting the possibility of cooperation between states through institutions.
    • Complex interdependence connects states beyond military interactions.
    • International institutions help foster cooperation by reducing uncertainty and promoting reciprocity.
    • States prioritize absolute gains over relative gains when interacting.
    • Soft power (attraction and persuasion) is crucial.
    • Neoliberal institutions support cooperation by facilitating and supporting state-to-state interactions.

    Marxism

    • Marxism focuses on class conflict as a driver of international relations.
    • It emphasizes the unequal nature of capitalist systems, highlighting exploitation and class struggle.
    • The bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (laborers) are central to the analysis.
    • Capitalism's expansion, stemming from colonialism, is a key factor in the international system.
    • Capitalists drive the need for expansion that creates conflict as resource needs increase.
    • Marxism analyzes how international systems create class conflict around the world.

    Constructivism

    • Constructivism emphasizes the social construction of reality in international relations.
    • Shared ideas, social norms, and historical contexts are seen as influencing state actions.
    • States' identities are not fixed but socially constructed.
    • Anarchy is not inherent but socially created; state behavior defines it.
    • Interactions shape identities that shape actions.
    • The meaning of actions and ideas are socially constructed and interpreted.
    • Material factors are important but in their interpretation.
    • Constructivism explores how shared ideas influence international actions and security.

    International Security

    • International security encompasses measures designed to ensure states' survival and safety.
    • Traditional security focuses on military threats, while non-traditional security considers broader challenges (e.g., climate change).
    • Violent non-state actors (VNSAs) can emerge when states falter in legitimacy and authority.
    • Democratic peace theory posits that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other due to shared values, institutions, and public restraint.

    Terrorism and Defining the Threat

    • Terrorism involves politically motivated violence against non-combatants, aiming to instill fear and influence audiences.
    • Definitions vary across jurisdictions, complicating international cooperation efforts.
    • Scholars highlight the importance of political motivations and the significant role of publicity in terrorist acts.
    • Terrorism can be used by states and non-state actors, often transcending national identities.
    • Defining terrorism is problematic due to the political nature and diverse motivations.

    Climate Change

    • Climate change refers to a significant, long-term shift in Earth's weather patterns.
    • Evidence demonstrates rising temperatures, increasing CO₂, and glacial melting, as well as rising sea levels and extreme weather events.
    • Impacts cross borders and create major threats to populations and societies.
    • The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming.
    • Countries submit national climate action plans (NDCs).
    • Poor countries tend to be disproportionately affected by climate change due to resource limitations and vulnerabilities.
    • Climate change poses security and social challenges globally.

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    Explore the various actors involved in international relations, including both state and non-state entities. Learn how these actors, from governments to NGOs, influence global dynamics and the functioning of the international system. This quiz examines the roles and characteristics of these diverse participants.

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