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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of protein within the cell membrane in active transport?
What is the primary function of protein within the cell membrane in active transport?
What is the energy source for the sodium-potassium pump in active transport?
What is the energy source for the sodium-potassium pump in active transport?
What is the mechanism by which sugar is transported from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
What is the mechanism by which sugar is transported from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
What type of transporter is involved in the absorption of fructose and pentose?
What type of transporter is involved in the absorption of fructose and pentose?
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What is the term for the movement of one molecule through the membrane from higher to lower concentration to power the movement of another from lower to higher?
What is the term for the movement of one molecule through the membrane from higher to lower concentration to power the movement of another from lower to higher?
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What is the primary function of endocytosis?
What is the primary function of endocytosis?
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What is required for endocytosis to occur?
What is required for endocytosis to occur?
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What is the term for the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction in active transport?
What is the term for the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction in active transport?
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Which of the following ions are actively absorbed through the intestinal mucosa?
Which of the following ions are actively absorbed through the intestinal mucosa?
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What is the primary mechanism of water transport through the intestinal membrane?
What is the primary mechanism of water transport through the intestinal membrane?
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Which of the following is true about the absorption of bivalent ions?
Which of the following is true about the absorption of bivalent ions?
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Where does the majority of absorption of food occur?
Where does the majority of absorption of food occur?
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What is the primary form in which carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine?
What is the primary form in which carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine?
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What happens to the chyme when it is discharged from the stomach into the duodenum?
What happens to the chyme when it is discharged from the stomach into the duodenum?
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What is the reason for the low level of absorption in the stomach?
What is the reason for the low level of absorption in the stomach?
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What percentage of carbohydrate calories absorbed is usually accounted for by glucose?
What percentage of carbohydrate calories absorbed is usually accounted for by glucose?
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What is the function of the gastric barrier?
What is the function of the gastric barrier?
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What is the daily absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine?
What is the daily absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine?
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What is the reason for glucose being the most abundant of the absorbed monosaccharides?
What is the reason for glucose being the most abundant of the absorbed monosaccharides?
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What happens to the chyme within minutes of being discharged from the stomach into the duodenum?
What happens to the chyme within minutes of being discharged from the stomach into the duodenum?
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What is the primary function of the large intestine in relation to absorption?
What is the primary function of the large intestine in relation to absorption?
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What is the structure that forms the barrier through which materials must pass during absorption from the gut?
What is the structure that forms the barrier through which materials must pass during absorption from the gut?
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What is the function of the brush border on the surface of epithelial cells?
What is the function of the brush border on the surface of epithelial cells?
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Which substances can be absorbed in small quantities from the stomach?
Which substances can be absorbed in small quantities from the stomach?
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Which sugar is transported through facilitated diffusion from the intestinal lumen into the enterocytes?
Which sugar is transported through facilitated diffusion from the intestinal lumen into the enterocytes?
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What is the type of transport used for the absorption of glucose and galactose?
What is the type of transport used for the absorption of glucose and galactose?
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What is required for the absorption of glucose?
What is required for the absorption of glucose?
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What happens to the rate of glucose absorption with advancing age?
What happens to the rate of glucose absorption with advancing age?
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What is the primary form in which proteins are absorbed through the luminal membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells?
What is the primary form in which proteins are absorbed through the luminal membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells?
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What is the energy source for the transport of most peptide or amino acid molecules?
What is the energy source for the transport of most peptide or amino acid molecules?
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What happens to the absorption of glucose if there is injury or inflammation to the mucosa?
What happens to the absorption of glucose if there is injury or inflammation to the mucosa?
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What is the role of sodium in the transport of peptide or amino acid molecules?
What is the role of sodium in the transport of peptide or amino acid molecules?
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What is the mechanism by which chloride ions are absorbed in the large intestine?
What is the mechanism by which chloride ions are absorbed in the large intestine?
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What is the function of bicarbonate ions secreted by the mucosa of the large intestine?
What is the function of bicarbonate ions secreted by the mucosa of the large intestine?
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What is the significance of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the colon?
What is the significance of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the colon?
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What is the consequence of SGLT-1 deficiency?
What is the consequence of SGLT-1 deficiency?
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What is the term for the condition in which the small intestine cannot effectively absorb fructose molecules?
What is the term for the condition in which the small intestine cannot effectively absorb fructose molecules?
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What is the function of the tight junctions between the epithelial cells of the large intestinal epithelium?
What is the function of the tight junctions between the epithelial cells of the large intestinal epithelium?
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What is the byproduct of bacterial action in the large intestine that contributes to flatus?
What is the byproduct of bacterial action in the large intestine that contributes to flatus?
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Study Notes
Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport: a type of transport that uses cellular energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient
- Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1): a mobile carrier protein in the cell membrane of intestinal cells that transports glucose into the cell using energy from the sodium-potassium pump
- Sodium-potassium pump: a pump that expels sodium outside the cell and requires ATP as a source of energy
Passive Transport
- Facilitated transport: a type of transport that uses a carrier protein to move substances down their concentration gradient, without using energy
- Sodium-independent facilitative transporter (GLUT-5): a carrier protein that transports glucose and fructose into the cell
Co-Transport
- Co-transport: a type of transport that uses the movement of one molecule to power the movement of another molecule
- Example: the movement of sodium down its concentration gradient is used to transport glucose against its concentration gradient
Endocytosis
- Endocytosis: a transportation process in which the cell membrane engulfs material, requiring energy in the form of ATP
- It involves the formation of a vesicle or saccule that is pinched off intracellularly
Absorption
- Absorption: the process of moving nutrients from the intestine into the bloodstream
- Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine, with some absorption also occurring in the large intestine
- The stomach is a poor absorptive area due to the lack of villi and the presence of tight junctions between epithelial cells
Absorption of Carbohydrates
- All carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of monosaccharides
- Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide absorbed, accounting for more than 80% of carbohydrate calories
- Glucose is absorbed through active transport using the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT-1)
- Fructose is absorbed through facilitated transport using the sodium-independent facilitative transporter (GLUT-5)
- Fructose is converted to glucose in the mucosal cells before being transported into the bloodstream
Absorption of Proteins
- Protein must first be broken down into amino acids
- Amino acids are absorbed through the luminal membranes of the intestinal epithelial cells in the form of dipeptides, tripeptides, and a few free amino acids
- The energy for most of this transport is supplied by a sodium co-transport mechanism
Absorption in the Large Intestine
- The large intestine is capable of active absorption of sodium, which creates an electrical potential gradient that causes chloride absorption
- The tight junctions between the epithelial cells of the large intestine are much tighter than those of the small intestine
- The mucosa of the large intestine secretes bicarbonate ions while absorbing chloride ions in an exchange transport process
Bacterial Action in the Colon
- The large intestine is home to numerous bacteria, including colon bacilli
- These bacteria are capable of digesting small amounts of cellulose, providing extra nutrition for the body
- Bacterial action in the colon also produces vitamins, such as vitamin K and vitamin B12, as well as gases that contribute to flatus.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the mechanism of active transport in cells, where proteins act as pumps using cellular energy to move substances. It covers the role of sodium dependent glucose transporter in intestinal cells.
