Active Transport and its Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

What is directly responsible for the function of carriers in primary active transport?

  • The movement of Na+ ions
  • The energy obtained from glucose
  • The downhill transport of molecules
  • The hydrolysis of ATP (correct)

    • What is the source of energy for the 'uphill' movement of molecules in secondary active transport?

  • Hydrolysis of ATP
  • Energy obtained from glucose
  • Downhill transport of Na+ into the cell (correct)
  • Movement of Ca+2 ions

    • Which type of transport involves the simultaneous movement of Glucose and Na+ in kidney and intestine lumens?

  • Countertransport/Antiport
  • Cotransport/Symport (correct)
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Primary active transport

    • Primary active transport requires the hydrolysis of ATP for the function of carriers

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary active transport obtains energy for 'uphill' movement from the 'downhill' transport of Na into the cell

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Example of secondary active transport includes the simultaneous movement of glucose and Na+ in kidney and intestine lumens

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is uniport in transport?

    <p>Transport of only one molecule without coupling to the transport of another molecule or ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes symport in transport?

    <p>Two different molecules can move through a membrane in the same direction using a common carrier mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines antiport in transport?

    <p>Two different molecules can move through a membrane in opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes primary active transport?

    <p>Hydrolysis of ATP is directly responsible for the carrier protein function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary active transport, what activates the pump?

    <p>Phosphorylation using a P i from ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the transport protein in primary active transport?

    <p>It is an ATPase enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Ca+2 Pump located?

    <p>On all cells' plasma membrane and in the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ca+2 Pump do?

    <p>Removes Ca+2 from the cytoplasm by pumping it into the extracellular fluid or cisternae of the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the Ca+2 Pump?

    <p>Aids in release of neurotransmitters in neurons and in muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the Ca+2 Pump located on all cells PM and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of striated muscle cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the Ca+2 Pump remove Ca+2 from the cytoplasm by pumping it into the extracellular fluid or cisternae of the ER?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the Ca+2 Pump aid in the release of neurotransmitters in neurons and in muscle contraction?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Na+/K+ Pump do?

    <p>Pumps 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the steep Na and K gradient created by the Na+/K+ Pump?

    <p>Provides energy for coupled transport of other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Na+/K+ Pump function?

    <p>Found in all body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the Na+/K+ Pump found in all body cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the Na+/K+ Pump use ATPase enzyme to pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the steep gradient of Na and K across the plasma membrane serve to maintain osmolality?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of indirect energy for the co-transport of Na and glucose in secondary active transport?

    <p>ATP from the Na+/K+ATPase pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the carrier protein in secondary active transport?

    <p>Simultaneously transport Na and glucose into epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to maintain a lower intracellular concentration of Na in secondary active transport?

    <p>Action of Na+/K+ATPase pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary active transport moves Na and glucose from the lumen of the intestine and kidney tubules into the lining epithelial cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The co-transport of Na and glucose requires a lower intracellular concentration of Na

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The co-transport of Na and glucose in secondary active transport depends indirectly on ATP

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that involves the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane for the secretion of large molecules?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the movement of large molecules like cholesterol into the cell?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in the process that requires ATP for movement of large molecules?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the unequal distribution of charge across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Permeability properties of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside?

    <p>Cellular proteins and phosphate groups of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the difference in charge across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there an unequal distribution of charge across the plasma membrane due to the permeability properties of the plasma membrane?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the potential difference make the inside of the cell negative compared to the outside?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are cellular proteins, phosphate groups of ATP, and other organic molecules negatively charged at the pH of the cell cytoplasm?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fixed anions within the cell?

    <p>Attract positively charged inorganic ions from the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inorganic cations are mainly influenced by the fixed anions within the cell?

    <p>K+, Na+, and Ca+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are negative ions (anions) fixed within the cell?

    <p>They cannot penetrate the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does K+ accumulate at high concentrations in the cell?

    <p>The Na+/K+ pumps actively bring in K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside?

    <p>Negative anions inside the cell attracting cations outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intracellular concentration of K+ compared to the extracellular concentration?

    <p>150 mEq/L inside and 5 mEq/L outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    K+ accumulates at high concentrations in the cell because the membrane is very permeable to K

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Na+/K+ pumps actively bring in K

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The K concentration inside is 150 mEq /L and out is 5 mEq /L

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside?

    <p>The high permeability of the membrane to K+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fixed anions within the cell?

    <p>Contributing to the negative charge inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does K+ accumulate at high concentrations in the cell?

    <p>Due to the high permeability of the membrane to K+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium potential (E K ) for K+?

    <p>90 mV, meaning the inside has a voltage 90 mV lower than the outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium potential (E K ) for K+?

    <p>90 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equilibrium potential (E K ) of K+ indicate?

    <p>The inside has a voltage 90 mV lower than the outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the state of equilibrium for K+?

    <p>More K inside than outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the resting membrane potential of a cell?

    <p>The ratio of the concentrations of each ion on either side of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the plasma membrane were only permeable to Na+, what would be the resting membrane potential?

    <p>+66 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the plasma membrane were only permeable to K+, what would be the resting membrane potential?

    <p>-90 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a cell?

    <p>The concentration of ions and the permeability of the membrane to those ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range for the resting potential in most cells?

    <p>Between -65 mV and -85 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential when a neuron sends an impulse?

    <p>The permeability of Na+ increases, driving the membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential for Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the actual resting membrane potential not being as negative as the K equilibrium potential?

    <p>Diffusion of Na into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the dashed lines in relation to the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Some K diffusing out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in the resting membrane potential not being as negative as the K equilibrium potential?

    <p>Diffusion of Na into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ pump?

    <p>To transport 2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ out to maintain the voltage difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the negative intracellular charge maintained by the Na+/K+ pump?

    <p>The electrogenic effect of the pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in maintaining the resting potential and concentration differences?

    <p>It acts to counter K+ and Na+ leaking out at the resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of channels does K have?

    <p>Voltage gated and not gated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do voltage gated K channels open?

    <p>When a particular membrane potential is reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of channels does Na have?

    <p>Closed at rest, voltage gated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Voltage Gated Na Channels at rest?

    <p>They are closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What membrane potential depolarization triggers the opening of Voltage Gated Na Channels?

    <p>-55 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as the membrane potential climbs toward sodium equilibrium potential?

    <p>The Na channels close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at around 30 mV in voltage gated K channels?

    <p>K rushes out of the cell following the electrochemical gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of voltage gated K channels opening at around 30 mV?

    <p>The cell repolarizes back toward the potassium equilibrium potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membrane potential change associated with voltage gated K channels opening?

    <p>-70 mV to a more negative value</p> Signup and view all the answers

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