6. Disaster Prevention & Protection Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which type of fire protection system requires manual action to operate?

  • Gaseous Clean Agent
  • Fire Extinguisher (correct)
  • Sprinkler System
  • Foam Suppression System

What is the primary function of Passive Fire Protection (PFP)?

  • To manually extinguish fires
  • To contain fires and slow their spread (correct)
  • To put out a fire after it starts
  • To detect fire and smoke

Which of the following is classified under Manual Fire Suppression Systems?

  • Fire Blanket (correct)
  • Foam Suppression System
  • Sprinkler System
  • Gaseous Clean Agent

What is the main purpose of a fire/smoke alarm system?

<p>To detect fire or smoke in a building (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials does Class A fire extinguisher target?

<p>Ordinary combustible materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Passive Fire Protection systems?

<p>They contain and slow the spread of fire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum water delivery capacity required for a dry standpipe?

<p>900 liters per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where should dry standpipes be located in a building?

<p>Near or inside stairwells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standpipe is required for buildings with an occupant load exceeding 1000 people?

<p>Wet Standpipes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a wet sprinkler system from a dry sprinkler system?

<p>Dry systems are filled with air or nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sprinkler system type activates when a fire is detected by a separate detection system?

<p>Pre-action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which temperature condition is a dry sprinkler system typically used?

<p>Below 40 degrees Fahrenheit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety feature does a pre-action sprinkler system provide compared to a dry system?

<p>Preventing water damage from accidental activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coverage area for a light hazard occupancy sprinkler head?

<p>20 square meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sprinkler head is particularly effective in spaces with obstructions like beams or ducts?

<p>Upright Sprinkler Heads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes sidewall sprinkler heads from other types?

<p>They spray water in a crescent shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aesthetic benefit of concealed sprinkler heads?

<p>They do not disturb the ceiling appearance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do deluge systems activate when a fire is detected?

<p>Using a separate fire detection system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application for sidewall sprinkler heads?

<p>Hotel rooms and hallways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the concealed cover plate of concealed sprinkler heads during activation?

<p>It detaches when temperatures drop significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sprinkler head type has a convex deflector for water distribution?

<p>Pendant Sprinkler Heads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an alarm notification device in a fire alarm system?

<p>To trigger audible alarms to alert occupants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an ionization smoke detector function?

<p>By sensing ionized particles in the air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the through beam detection method?

<p>It uses a transmitter and receiver to detect obstructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flame detector is more sensitive and used in flammable areas?

<p>Ultraviolet flame detector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the building safety interface play during a fire emergency?

<p>It controls the opening and closing of doors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an automatic fire alarm system from a manual one?

<p>An automatic system uses detectors to trigger the alarm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main feature of the Addressable Fire Control Panel (FACP)?

<p>It provides an exact location of a fire within a building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the FM 200 System?

<p>It is a gaseous fire suppression system that acts within seconds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of a Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)?

<p>It acts as a monitoring center that relays signals from initiation devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of device informs the fire alarm system of potential fire emergencies?

<p>Alarm initiating device. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fire walls in passive fire protection?

<p>To stop the spread of fire within a structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fire compartmentation in a building?

<p>To control the spread of fire by creating smaller compartments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the backup power supply in a fire alarm system?

<p>To provide power during power failures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a coded panel from newer fire alarm systems?

<p>Coded panels require manual reset and use bells or horns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical component is mixed with foam concentrate and water to create fire suppression foam?

<p>Air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of temperature detector triggers when a specified temperature is reached?

<p>Fixed temperature unit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are part of passive fire protection?

<p>Smoke barriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of conventional fire alarm panels?

<p>They have a limitation on the number of connected circuits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the correct interaction of fire suppression foam components?

<p>Foam must be evenly distributed for effective cooling and smothering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a manual fire alarm system?

<p>It relies on human observation for activation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of detector reacts to smoke obscuring a light beam?

<p>Photoelectric detector. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the role of fire blocks?

<p>To contain the spreading fire within a structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the primary power supply in a fire alarm system?

<p>It provides constant electrical power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Addressable Fire Control Panel helps to mitigate risks?

<p>It quickly pinpoints the fire's location within a building. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fire suppression, what is an effective use case for fire suppression foam?

<p>Suppressing flammable and combustible liquids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Active Fire Protection

  • AFP is a fire protection system using manual or automatic actions that work during a fire
  • Examples include:
    • Fire/Smoke alarm systems
    • Sprinkler systems
    • Fire extinguishers
    • Firefighters
  • Fire/Smoke alarms detect fire and or smoke
  • Sprinkler systems slow the growth of the fire
  • Fire extinguishers and firefighters work to put out the fire

Manual Fire Suppression Systems

  • Fire Blanket:
    • A fire-extinguishing equipment for extinguishing small fires
    • Made of wool or fiberglass fabric treated with fire retardant chemicals
  • Fire Extinguisher:
    • A portable device for putting out small fires
    • Ejects pressurized water or chemicals
    • Fire Extinguisher Classes:
      • Class A: ordinary combustible materials (e.g., wood, paper, cloth)
      • Class B: flammable liquids (e.g., gasoline, oil, grease)
      • Class C: electrical equipment
  • Standpipe:
    • A building's vertical water piping system for manual water application
    • Dry Standpipes: Used in buildings with four or more stories, located near stairwells, providing 900 liters of water per minute from three outlets
    • Wet Standpipes: Used in buildings with more than 1000 occupants, extending from the basement to the topmost floor

Automatic Fire Suppression Systems

  • Fire Sprinkler System:
    • An active fire protection system using water supply for fire sprinkler activation
    • Sprinkler System Types:
      • Wet: Piping filled with water under pressure; sprinklers activate upon fire detection.
      • Dry: Piping filled with pressurized air; valves and sensors trigger water release upon fire detection.
      • **Pre-action:**Similar to dry systems but with added safety features; water release occurs via an electronic valve after fire detection.
      • Deluge: All sprinklers open with activation; water release occurs without heat sensing elements.
  • Sprinkler Head Coverage:
    • Light Hazard Occupancy: 20 square meters
    • High Hazard Occupancy: 10 square meters
  • Sprinkler Head Types:
    • Pendant:
      • Hangs from ceiling pipes, spraying water in a domed or conical pattern
      • Traditional pendant sprinklers are visible
    • Upright:
      • Project upwards, spraying water downwards
      • Used in mechanical rooms or inaccessible spaces, providing better coverage.
    • Sidewall:
      • Mounted on walls, spraying in a crescent or half-circle shape.
      • Effective in small rooms and hallways.
      • Common application for hotel rooms.
    • Concealed:
      • Installed in walls or ceilings, covered by a concealed plate
      • Heat-sensitive plate detaches when activated, releasing water.

Passive Fire Protection (PFP)

  • Aims to contain fires or slow their spread
  • Building Construction and Materials:
    • Fire Walls: Designed to stop fire spread.
    • Fire Blocks: Contain fire spread.
    • Smoke Barriers: Prevent smoke spread.
  • Fire Compartmentation: Building design using walls and floors to create fire compartments, controlling fire spread and protecting occupants by creating safe evacuation routes.

Fire Alarm and Detection System

  • Automatic System: Uses detectors to trigger the alarm system.
  • Manual System: Requires human detection to trigger the alarm.

Automatic Fire Alarm System:

  • Uses sensors to detect fire, sending signals to the fire alarm panel
    1. Addressable Fire Control Panel (FACP):
    • Identifies the exact fire location within a building.
    • Allows shutdown of equipment to prevent further damage or injury.
    • Detects potential fire conditions.
    • Provides information about the fire's circumstances.
    • More reliable than other panels, enabling quicker action.
  • A. Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP):
    • The fire alarm system's central control unit.
    • Monitors initiating devices and relays signals to fire alarm devices.
    • Displays system status and troubleshooting codes.
    • Includes a touch panel for system management.
  • B. Primary and Backup Power Supply:
    • Primary power constantly supplies the system.
    • Backup power (using batteries) ensures system function during power failures.
  • C. Alarm Initiating Device:
  • Informs the fire alarm system of fire emergencies.
  • Can be manual or automatic (using heat, smoke, flame, photoelectric, ionization, in-duct detectors).
  • Most commercial systems use a combination of manual and automatic devices.
    1. Coded Panels:
    • Older systems, indicating fire by the number of bells or horns ringing.
    • Require manual reset by an employee.
    • Used in older buildings.
    1. Conventional Panels:
    • Operate on circuits with sensors wired in parallel.
    • Limited by the number of circuits.
    • Used for zone-based boundaries in commercial buildings.

Detection System

    1. Temperature Detector
    • Fixed Temperature Unit: Triggers when a set temperature is reached.
    • Rate-of-rise Unit: Activates when the temperature change exceeds a predetermined rate.
    1. Photoelectric Detector:
    • Detects smoke obscuring a light beam.
    1. Ionization (Smoke) Detector:
    • Detects ionized particles in the air.
    1. Flame Detectors:
    • a. Infrared: Used for enclosed spaces.
    • b. Ultraviolet: More sensitive than infrared, used in flammable areas.

Alarm Notification Device (D)

  • Activated by initiating devices (e.g., smoke detectors).
  • Produces audible alarms to alert occupants during a fire emergency.
  • Notifies emergency personnel.

Remote Control and Display Panels (E)

  • Allow centralized control of fire alarm systems, even remotely.
  • Enable security personnel to check, activate, and deactivate alarms throughout the building.

Building Safety Interface (F)

  • Connects the fire alarm system with other building systems (e.g., access control).
  • Improves building safety during a fire emergency by controlling door access and smoke spread.

Detection Methods (Diagram: "Through Beam")

  • A “Through Beam” system utilizes a transmitter and receiver.
  • Detects obstructions within the beam path.
  • Triggers an alarm when an object blocks the beam path.

Warning Systems

  • Bells, chimes, horns, strobes, horn-strobes, and voice evacuation systems provide warnings.

Auxiliary Devices

    1. Dampers:
    • Passive fire protection products.
    • Used in HVAC ducts to prevent fire spread.
    1. Heat and Smoke Vents:
    • Active fire protection measures.
    • Installed on building roofs to vent heat and smoke.

Earthquake Mitigation

    1. Pendulum Power:
    • Suspended large mass near the top of a structure.
    • Counteracts seismic energy by moving opposite to the structure's motion.
    • "Tuned mass dampers" are tuned to the structure’s natural frequency to reduce the dynamic response.
    1. Symmetry, Diaphragms, and Cross-Bracing:
    • Symmetrical structures are preferred for seismic design.
    • Symmetrical structures distribute forces evenly and limit torsion caused by seismic activity.
    1. Shock Absorption:
    • Similar to vehicle shock absorbers to reduce vibratory motions during earthquakes.
    • Shock absorbers are placed at each building level, connected to the beam and column.

Building Utilities

    1. Rocking Core-Wall:
    • A cost-effective technique used in modern high-rise buildings to increase their seismic resistance.
    • In this method, a reinforced concrete core is placed in the center of the building, surrounded by elevators.
    • Works most effectively when used with base isolation.
    1. Floating Foundation: “Base Isolation”
    • This technique separates the substructure from the superstructure of a building by using lead-rubber bearings.
    • During an earthquake, the floating foundation can move without moving the entire structure.
    1. Carbon-fiber Wrap
    • Used to improve an existing building’s seismic performance.
    • Carbon fibers are wrapped around a building to strengthen it.

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