28 Questions
What is the principle of active assisted exercises when the voluntary contraction of the muscle is insufficient to produce movement?
The magnitude of the assisting force should only augment the muscular action without acting as a substitute
What is the definition of AAROM?
Movement performed within the unrestricted ROM controlled by the voluntary contraction of the muscle, with assistance provided by an outside force
Which type of assistance involves the use of wooden stick, T-bar, finger ladder, and pulleys?
Mechanical assistance
When are active assisted exercises typically used?
When the patient has weak musculature and needs to gain strength and hypertrophy
What must be done to the assistance given as muscular power increases during active assisted exercises?
The assistance given must be decreased proportionally
At what muscle strength level are patients progressed to AROM from AAROM?
Grade 3 manual muscle test
What is the main purpose of providing sensory feedback from the contracting muscle in early stages of neuromuscular re-education?
To help the patient learn to control movement and assist in training coordination
What is the primary indication for using Assisted Active Range of Motion (AAROM) exercises?
To increase muscle weakness as a result of disuse or after plaster cast
What is a contra-indication of AAROM exercises?
Swelling, fever, and redness
What is the purpose of avoiding trick movements during Assisted Active Range of Motion (AAROM) exercises?
To stimulate the muscle spindle and initiate movement
What is the role of support in Assisted Active Range of Motion (AAROM) exercises?
To eliminate any force or load on the weak muscle by counterbalancing gravity's effects
What is the purpose of preliminary stretching of the weak muscle in Assisted Active Range of Motion (AAROM) exercises?
Stimulate the muscle spindle and initiate movement
What is a precaution associated with performing range of motion (ROM) exercises proximal and distal to an injured joint?
To minimize venous stasis and thrombus formation
Why is fixation of the proximal part of the prime movers important in Assisted Active Range of Motion (AAROM) exercises?
To avoid trick movements and maintain proper positioning
What is the purpose of assisted exercises on the correct pattern in neuromuscular re-education?
To help the patient learn to control movement and assist in training coordination
What is one benefit of regular exercise mentioned in the text?
Increase metabolism to help lose weight and decrease stress and pain
What is the IUPAC name for a monosubstituted benzene with a seven-carbon alkyl group?
Heptyl benzene
Which numbering system is used in the common nomenclature of disubstituted benzenes?
o-, m-, p- system
What is the IUPAC name for the three dimethylbenzenes according to the common system?
Common xylene
In the common system, what does 'ortho' (o) refer to?
Groups occupying 1,2-positions on a benzene ring
What is the Kekule structure of benzene?
Aromatic compounds with six carbon atoms in a ring structure
How are monosubstituted benzenes named if they don't have common names accepted by IUPAC?
As derivatives of benzene
In IUPAC nomenclature, if a compound is named as a derivative of a parent molecule due to the presence of a special substituent, the special substituent is assumed to occupy which ring position?
Ring position number 1
According to IUPAC nomenclature, if two substituents on a ring are different, how are they numbered?
By the lowest numbers according to the alphabetical order
What is the correct name for the compound p-Bromochlorobenzene in IUPAC nomenclature?
4-Bromo-1-chlorobenzene
How many benzene rings do polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons contain?
Two
What is the naming rule for polysubstituted benzenes when one of the substituents imparts a special name to the compound?
The carbon attached to this substituent is numbered 1 then the remaining carbon atoms are numbered to have the lowest numbers
What does m-Chloroaniline refer to in IUPAC nomenclature?
[Chloro(methyl)amino]benzene
Study Notes
Active Assisted Exercises
- When the voluntary contraction of a muscle is insufficient to produce movement, the principle of active assisted exercises is used to facilitate movement.
- Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM) is a type of exercise where the patient actively contracts the muscle, but the movement is assisted by an external force.
Types of Assistance
- Assisted exercises can involve the use of wooden sticks, T-bars, finger ladders, and pulleys to provide external support.
When to Use AAROM
- Active assisted exercises are typically used when the patient's muscle strength is insufficient to produce movement.
Progressive Assistance
- As muscular power increases during active assisted exercises, the assistance provided should be gradually decreased.
Progressing to AROM
- Patients can be progressed to Active Range of Motion (AROM) exercises from AAROM when they reach a muscle strength level of 3 or 4.
Sensory Feedback
- The main purpose of providing sensory feedback from the contracting muscle in early stages of neuromuscular re-education is to facilitate muscle learning and re-education.
Indications for AAROM
- The primary indication for using AAROM exercises is to facilitate movement and improve muscle strength in patients with weak muscles.
Contra-Indications
- A contra-indication of AAROM exercises is the presence of severe pain or inflammation, which may exacerbate the condition.
Avoiding Trick Movements
- The purpose of avoiding trick movements during AAROM exercises is to ensure that the patient is using the correct muscle pattern and not relying on compensatory movements.
Role of Support
- The role of support in AAROM exercises is to provide external assistance to facilitate movement and reduce muscle strain.
Preliminary Stretching
- The purpose of preliminary stretching of the weak muscle in AAROM exercises is to increase muscle length and reduce the risk of injury.
Precautions for ROM Exercises
- A precaution associated with performing range of motion (ROM) exercises proximal and distal to an injured joint is the risk of exacerbating the injury.
Fixation of Proximal Part
- Fixation of the proximal part of the prime movers is important in AAROM exercises to ensure that the correct muscle pattern is used.
Assisted Exercises in Neuromuscular Re-education
- The purpose of assisted exercises on the correct pattern in neuromuscular re-education is to facilitate muscle learning and re-education.
Benefits of Regular Exercise
- One benefit of regular exercise mentioned in the text is improved muscle strength and function.
Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature of Disubstituted Benzenes
- The common nomenclature system uses a numbering system to name disubstituted benzenes.
IUPAC Names for Disubstituted Benzenes
- The IUPAC name for the three dimethylbenzenes according to the common system is 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene.
Ortho, Meta, and Para Prefixes
- In the common system, 'ortho' (o) refers to a 1,2-substituted benzene.
Kekule Structure of Benzene
- The Kekule structure of benzene is a planar, hexagonal ring with alternating double bonds.
Nomenclature of Monosubstituted Benzenes
- Monosubstituted benzenes are named by adding a prefix to the parent name benzene, indicating the type of substituent.
IUPAC Nomenclature Rules
- In IUPAC nomenclature, if a compound is named as a derivative of a parent molecule due to the presence of a special substituent, the special substituent is assumed to occupy position 1 on the ring.
- If two substituents on a ring are different, they are numbered in alphabetical order.
IUPAC Name for p-Bromochlorobenzene
- The correct IUPAC name for the compound p-Bromochlorobenzene is 1-bromo-4-chlorobenzene.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain multiple benzene rings.
Naming Rule for Polysubstituted Benzenes
- The naming rule for polysubstituted benzenes when one of the substituents imparts a special name to the compound is to use the special name as the parent name.
m-Chloroaniline
- In IUPAC nomenclature, m-Chloroaniline refers to 3-chloroaniline.
Learn about the principles of active assisted exercises, including the definition of AAROM and its progression to AROM. Understand the use of outside force assistance when muscle strength is inadequate for complete motion.
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