Active and Passive Voice Tenses

• Passive voice stresses the action rather than who or what performs it
• Tense does not change when converting from active to passive voice
• It is important to keep the tense in mind

Present Simple

• Passive form: am/is/are + past participle
• Example: They clean the house. → The house is cleaned.

Present Continuous

• Passive form: am/is/are being + past participle
• Example: They are cleaning the house. → The house is being cleaned.

Present Perfect Simple

• Passive form: has/have been + past participle
• Example: They have cleaned the house. → The house has been cleaned.

Past Simple

• Passive form: was/were + past participle
• Example: They cleaned the house. → The house was cleaned.

Past Continuous

• Passive form: was / were being + past participle
• Example: They were cleaning the house. → The house was being cleaned.

Past Perfect Simple

• Passive form: had been + past participle
• Example: They had cleaned the house. → The house had been cleaned.

Future Simple

• Passive form: will be + past participle
• Example: They will clean the house. → The house will be cleaned.

Future Perfect Simple

• Passive form: will have been + past participle
• Example: They will have cleaned the house. → The house will have been cleaned.

be going to

• Passive form: be going to + past participle
• Example: They are going to clean the house. → The house is going to be cleaned.

Modal

• Passive form: modal + be + past participle
• Example: They must clean the house. → The house must be cleaned.

Semi-modal

• Passive form: semi-modal + be + past participle
• Example: They have to clean the house. → The house has to be cleaned.

Modal Perfect

• Passive form: modal + have been + past participle
• Example: They may have cleaned the house. → The house may have been cleaned.

With certain verbs

• Applicable for believe, consider, expect, know, say, and suppose
• Passive form: verb + to + bare infinitive
• Example: People say he is an expert on China. → He is said to be an expert on China.
• Also applicable with "it" as a subject
• Passive form: It + verb + that + subject + sentence
• Example: Everyone knows that the artist grew up in Milan. → It is known that the artist grew up in Milan.

Verbs that take two objects

• The person or object can become the subject of the sentence
• Example: He offered the job to Sarah / He offered Sarah the job. → Sarah was offered the job / The job was offered to Sarah

Important points to remember

• There is no passive form for the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Continuous, the Future Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous
• Use "by + agent" when it is important to know who performs the action
• Example: Steven Spielberg made the film. → The film was made by Steven Spielberg.
• Use "with + agent" when referring to an instrument or tool used by someone
• Example: This key can open the box. → The box can be opened with this key.
• Don't forget the particle when using phrasal verbs in the passive
• Example: Someone broke into our car last night. → Our car was broken into last night.
• For unpleasant, unexpected, or accidental events get + past participle is used
• Example: I fell asleep in the sun and got burned

Causative

• The Causative has a passive meaning arranging for someone else to do something
• Use have / get + object + past participle, when arranging for someone else to do something
• Example: Girish is having his flat painted.
• I get my hair cut every two months (less formal than have)
• Use have + agent + bare infinitive + object when arranging for someone else to do something and mention the agent.
• Example: Aiman had her brother carry her suitcase - I will have Dad pick me up.
• Use get + agent + to + bare infinitive + object when arranging for / persuade someone else to do something and mention the agent
• Example: You should get a doctor to look at your hand - Dan got Mike to lend him some money (less formal than have)
• We can also use have/ get + object + past participle when something unpleasant happens to someone
• Example: The tourist had / got his passport stolen.

Direct Speech

• Is what someone actually said

Reported Speech

• Reports what someone said, uses reported speech
• Reporting verb in past tense shifts the sentence verb back one tense

Changing direct to reported speech

• Present Simple becomes Past Simple
• Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
• Present Perfect Simple becomes Past Perfect Simple
• Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
• Past Simple becomes Past Perfect Simple
• Past Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
• Future becomes Future in the past
• Imperative becomes to + bare infinitive
• Modal / Semi-modal becomes Past form of modal

Situations with no tense change

• The Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous
• could/should I would / might / ought to.
• The second and third conditionals
• Statements that are still true

Changes in time expressions

• now becomes then
• today / tonight becomes that day / night
• yesterday becomes the previous day, the day before
• tomorrow becomes the next / following day, the day after
• next week / month becomes the following week / month
• last week / year becomes the previous week / year, the week / year before
• a month / year ago becomes the month / year before

Other word changes

• here becomes there
• this becomes that
• these becomes those

Reporting Verbs

• Reporting verbs report the general meaning without using their exact words.
• The reporting verb expresses a similar idea to the direct speech sentence.
• Use verb + verb + -ing for actions like suggesting or recommending.
• Use verb + to + verb for agreeing or offering.
• Use verb + object + to + verb for advising or warning.
• Use verb + that + clause for agreeing, complaining, explaining, or suggesting.
• Use verb + that + change of subject + bare infinitive for advising, demanding, insisting, recommending, requesting, or suggesting.

Gerund

• A gerund is a verb ending in -ing acting as a subject
• A gerund can be a noun as a subject
• Example: Swimming is a healthy form of exercise.
• A gerund can be a noun as an object
• Example: I hate packing.
• Use of gerund after prepositions
• Example: Thank you for giving me a lift home -Use of gerund for activities after the verb go -Example: How often do you go walking?. -Use of gerund of certain verbs and expressions
• Example: The couple postponed moving for a week.

Infinitives

• Infinitive: to + verb acting as adjective, adverb or noun.
• After certain adjectives. -Example: We were glad to hear the good news.
• After too/enough + adjective. -Example: You're not strong enough to carry that box.
• After certain verb and expression. -Example: Dinesh agreed to help us.

Bare Infinitive

• Bare infinitive: infinitive without 'to'.
• Used with modals -Example: We must hurry!. -after verbs "let," "make," and "help" -Example: Dad lets me stay out late at weekends

Adverbs

• An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb
• Adverbs of degree are placed before words modified
• Adverbs can answer the question "why" and state a reason -Example: I study because I want to become a doctor.
• Interrogative adverbs are used in asking questions.
• Most adverbs formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives.
• Adverbs that end in -y need the -y to be replaced with an i then add -ly.