Action, Transitive, Intransitive & Linking Verbs

• Verbs describe actions, occurrences, or states of being

Action Verbs

• Action verbs express specific actions that a subject performs.
• Examples: run, jump, write, eat, and speak
• Action verbs can be transitive (taking a direct object) or intransitive (not taking a direct object).

Transitive Verbs

• Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning.
• The action of a transitive verb is done to someone or something.
• Example: "She reads books." (books is the direct object)

Intransitive Verbs

• Intransitive verbs do not require a direct object to complete their meaning.
• The action is complete within itself.
• Example: "They laugh."

Linking Verbs

• Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that describes or renames the subject.
• Linking verbs do not express action.
• Common linking verbs: be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been), seem, become, appear, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, and grow.
• Example: "She is a teacher." (teacher renames the subject "she")
• Example: "The soup tastes delicious." (delicious describes the subject "soup")

Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)

• Auxiliary verbs assist the main verb to express tense, mood, or voice.
• Common auxiliary verbs: be, have, do
• Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that express possibility, necessity, permission, or ability: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
• Example: "They are playing." (are is the auxiliary verb, playing is the main verb)
• Example: "He should study." (should is a modal verb)

Regular Verbs

• Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the base form of the verb.
• Examples: walk (walked), play (played), bake (baked)

Irregular Verbs

• Irregular verbs do not follow the standard "-ed" rule for past tense and past participle.
• Irregular verbs have unique forms that must be memorized.
• Examples: go (went, gone), eat (ate, eaten), see (saw, seen)

Finite Verbs

• Finite verbs show tense, person, and number.
• Finite verbs can function as the main verb of a sentence.
• Example: "I am here." (present tense, first person singular)
• Example: "She went to the store." (past tense, third person singular)

Non-Finite Verbs

• Non-finite verbs do not show tense, person, or number.
• Non-finite verbs cannot function as the main verb of a sentence.
• Three types of non-finite verb: infinitives, participles, and gerunds.

Infinitives

• Infinitives are the base form of a verb preceded by "to".
• Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
• Example: "I want to swim." (noun)
• Example: "It is a good place to study." (adjective)
• Example: "He worked hard to succeed." (adverb)

Participles

• Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives.
• Present participles end in "-ing".
• Past participles usually end in "-ed" or "-en" (but can vary with irregular verbs).
• Example: "The running water." (present participle)
• Example: "The broken window." (past participle)

Gerunds

• Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns.
• Example: "Swimming is fun." (subject of the sentence)
• Example: "He enjoys reading." (direct object of the verb "enjoys")

Verb Tense

• Verb tense indicates when an action takes place.
• The main tenses are: present, past, and future.
• Each tense has simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms.

Simple Present

• Simple present describes habitual actions, general truths, or facts.
• Example: "I eat breakfast every day."
• Example: "The sun rises in the east."

Present Continuous

• Present continuous describes an action in progress at the moment of speaking or around the present time.
• Formed with "is/am/are + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I am eating breakfast now."

Simple Past

• Simple past describes an action that was completed in the past.
• Example: "I ate breakfast yesterday."

Past Continuous

• Past continuous describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.
• Formed with "was/were + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I was eating breakfast at 8 AM."

Simple Future

• Simple future describes an action that will happen in the future.
• Formed with "will + base form of the verb" or "be going to + base form of the verb".
• Example: "I will eat breakfast tomorrow."
• Example: "I am going to eat breakfast tomorrow."

Future Continuous

• Future continuous describes an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
• Formed with "will be + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I will be eating breakfast at 8 AM tomorrow."

Present Perfect

• Present perfect describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present or has a result in the present.
• Formed with "has/have + past participle".
• Example: "I have eaten breakfast." (result in the present)
• Example: "I have lived here for five years." (continues to the present)

Past Perfect

• Past perfect describes an action that was completed before another action in the past.
• Formed with "had + past participle".
• Example: "I had eaten breakfast before I left for work."

Future Perfect

• Future perfect describes an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
• Formed with "will have + past participle".
• Example: "I will have eaten breakfast by 8 AM tomorrow."

Present Perfect Continuous

• Present perfect continuous describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present, emphasizing the duration.
• Formed with "has/have been + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I have been eating breakfast for an hour."

Past Perfect Continuous

• Past perfect continuous describes an action that had been in progress before another action in the past.
• Formed with "had been + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I had been eating breakfast for an hour before he arrived."

Future Perfect Continuous

• Future perfect continuous describes an action that will have been in progress before a specific time in the future, emphasizing the duration.
• Formed with "will have been + present participle (-ing)".
• Example: "I will have been eating breakfast for an hour by the time he arrives."

Verb Mood

• Verb mood indicates the manner or attitude in which the action of a verb is expressed.
• The main moods are: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.

Indicative Mood

• Indicative mood is used to state facts or ask questions.
• Example: "She is a doctor."
• Example: "Are you coming?"

Imperative Mood

• Imperative mood is used to give commands or make requests.
• The subject is usually implied (you).
• Example: "Eat your vegetables."
• Example: "Please be quiet."

Subjunctive Mood

• Subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, suggestions, hypothetical situations, or conditions that are contrary to fact.
• Often uses "that" clauses, "were" instead of "was," and the base form of the verb.
• Example: "I wish I were taller."
• Example: "It is important that he be on time."
• Example: "If I were you, I would take the job."

Verb Voice

• Verb voice indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action (active voice) or receives the action (passive voice).

Active Voice

• In active voice, the subject performs the action.
• Example: "The dog chased the cat."

Passive Voice

• In passive voice, the subject receives the action.
• Formed with "be + past participle".
• Used when the action is more important than the actor, or when the actor is unknown.
• Example: "The cat was chased by the dog."
• Example: "The window was broken."

This resource explains the different types of verbs, including action verbs and linking verbs. It distinguishes between transitive verbs, which take a direct object, and intransitive verbs, which do not. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of verb.