45 Questions
Which type of acid is produced from the catabolism of proteins and phospholipids?
Fixed acid
What happens when carbon dioxide combines with water?
It forms carbonic acid, then dissociate to H+ and HCO3-
Which ion buffers the H+ ion in the venous blood?
Deoxyhemoglobin
What is the first line of defense when H+ is gained or lost from the body?
HCO3-/CO2 extracellular buffer
What is the function of a buffer in a solution?
To absorb excess H+
What is one way to resist a lowering of pH?
Decrease CO2 levels
How can H+ excretion occur in the urine?
Through urinary phosphate
Which enzyme can block bicarbonate reabsorption?
Acetazolamide
What is the function of diuretics like furosemide?
blocking NKCC2 To prevent sodium and potassium reabsorption
What is the pH level that arterial blood attempts to maintain through deoxyhemoglobin?
7.4
Which substance can no longer diffuse back into the cell once it becomes ionized to ammonium?
Ammonium
What type of trapping occurs for weak acids and weak bases that are drugs?
Ionization trapping
What can be done to get rid of weak acids like aspirin?
Alkalinize the urine
What can be done to get rid of weak bases like methamphetamines?
Acidify the urine
Which cells in the collecting duct can secrete HCO3- in exchange for chloride in cases of HCO3- excess?
Beta-intercalated cells
What is the amount of H+ released in the urine via titratable acids and ammonium called?
Net acid excretion (NAE)
What are any anions that bind H+ called?
Titratable acids
Which substance is the most important urinary buffer for promoting H+ secretion from the body?
Phosphate
Why are mechanisms for promoting H+ secretion from the body important?
To maintain acid-base balance
What becomes the only effective system for buffering if the lungs' buffering capacity is compromised?
Renal buffering
Which type of acid-base disturbance is characterized by the kidneys compensating for the respiratory imbalance?
Chronic respiratory acid-base disturbance
What is free water clearance?
The amount of distilled water that is free of solutes
When are ADH levels low?
In diabetes insipidus
What is the osmolarity of urine when CH2O is negative?
Hyper-osmotic
What does CH2O = 0 indicate?
No free water excreted, urine is isosmotic with plasma
When do pH and PaCO2 go in opposite directions?
In respiratory disorders
When do pH and PaCO2 go in the same direction?
In metabolic disorders
What does CH2O > 0 indicate?
ADH levels are high
What is the purpose of free water clearance?
To assess the kidneys' ability to make a dilute or concentrated urine
Which system is stimulated to conserve bicarbonate when there is ECF volume contraction?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
What inhibits bicarbonate reabsorption when there is ECF volume expansion?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
What is the treatment for chloride-sensitive metabolic alkalosis?
Infusing isotonic saline
What is the treatment for chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis?
Treating the underlying disease
What is the primary disturbance in metabolic acidosis?
Decrease in HCO3- concentration
What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis?
Hypoventilation
What causes a simple respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
Which of the following is a characteristic of chloride-sensitive metabolic alkalosis?
Increased Na+ reabsorption in the renal tubules
What is the primary disturbance in a simple metabolic acidosis?
↓HCO3-
What causes a simple respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation
What is the compensation mechanism for a metabolic acid-base disturbance?
Respiratory compensation
What is the compensation mechanism for a respiratory acid-base disturbance?
Renal compensation
What is the CH2O value when ADH levels are low?
CH2O > 0
What is the osmolarity of urine when CH2O is negative?
Hyper-osmotic
What is the function of diuretics like furosemide?
Decrease Na+ reabsorption
Test your knowledge on acids in the body and their role in blood buffering. Identify the two types of acids produced and understand the process of carbon dioxide conversion into carbonic acid. Discover how deoxyhemoglobin buffers the H+ ions in venous blood.
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