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Questions and Answers
Common bases include calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and ______ (NH₃).
Common bases include calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and ______ (NH₃).
ammonia
Salts are formed through a reaction between an acid and a ______.
Salts are formed through a reaction between an acid and a ______.
base
Salts are composed of positive cations and negative ______.
Salts are composed of positive cations and negative ______.
anions
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to ______.
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to ______.
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Lower numbers on the pH scale indicate increasing ______.
Lower numbers on the pH scale indicate increasing ______.
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Pure water has a pH of 7 because it contains equal concentrations of positively charged hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and negatively charged ______ ions (OH‾).
Pure water has a pH of 7 because it contains equal concentrations of positively charged hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and negatively charged ______ ions (OH‾).
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Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) dissociates into two hydrogen ions and one sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻), making it an example of a(n) ______.
Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) dissociates into two hydrogen ions and one sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻), making it an example of a(n) ______.
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Common acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃) are known to be ______ when dissolved in water.
Common acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃) are known to be ______ when dissolved in water.
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Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), found in carbonated drinks, is classified as a(n) ______ because it partially breaks down into bicarbonate ions.
Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), found in carbonated drinks, is classified as a(n) ______ because it partially breaks down into bicarbonate ions.
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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a ______ that accepts a proton from a water molecule to form hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a ______ that accepts a proton from a water molecule to form hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
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Bases are substances that increase the concentration of ______ ions in an aqueous solution.
Bases are substances that increase the concentration of ______ ions in an aqueous solution.
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Acids donate ______ ions to the surrounding environment when added to water.
Acids donate ______ ions to the surrounding environment when added to water.
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Study Notes
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids, bases, and salts are fundamental concepts in chemistry, often described using simple definitions: acids taste sour, bases feel slippery when wet, and salts can be made by mixing an acid with a base. However, these descriptions only scratch the surface of their complex nature. Let's delve into the subject further.
What Are Acids?
An aqueous solution is considered an acid if it increases the concentration of H⁺ (hydrogen ion) when added to water. In other words, acids donate hydrogen ions to the surrounding environment. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), for example, dissociates into two hydrogen ions and one sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻).
Common Acids
Some common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO₃), and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Carbonic acid, which gives carbonated drinks like soda their fizziness, is actually a weak organic acid because its source, carbon dioxide (CO₂), does not have enough electrons to form four bonds, causing it to partially breakdown into bicarbonate ions in a process called hydration.
What Are Bases?
A base in an aqueous solution is defined as any substance that increases the concentration of OH⁻ (hydroxide ion) when added to water. Bases accept protons from water molecules, so they decrease the concentration of H⁺ ions. A classic example is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which accepts a proton from a water molecule to become hydroxide ion (OH⁻) and sodium ion (Na⁺).
Common Bases
Common bases include calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and ammonia (NH₃). Note that while most bases contain the element hydrogen, they do not necessarily need to have the suffix -ide or end with -ic, unlike acids.
What Are Salts?
Salts are formed through a reaction between an acid and a base. They are composed of positive cations and negative anions, which combine to produce neutral compounds. For instance, when you mix vinegar (an acid) with baking soda (a base), you get a salt—in this case, sodium acetate (CH₃COONa)—and water.
The pH Scale
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 14. Lower numbers indicate increasing acidity; higher numbers show increased alkalinity (or basicity); values around 7 represent neutral solutions. Pure water has a pH of 7 because it contains equal concentrations of positively charged hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH‾).
In conclusion, understanding acids, bases, and salts involves more than just knowing what they taste or feel like. Each type plays a critical role in chemical reactions and processes, contributing to various phenomena such as corrosion, digestion, and even global warming. These concepts are essential knowledge for anyone interested in chemistry or the world around us.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of acids, bases, and salts in chemistry. Explore the definitions, common examples, and their role in chemical reactions. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the pH scale, reaction mechanisms, and the properties of these substances.
