Acids, Bases, and Organic Compounds

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes a base from an acid?

Acids form covalent bonds with carbon.

Acids decrease hydrogen ions (HT) concentration.

Bases have a pH less than 7.

Bases increase hydroxide ions (OH) concentration. (correct)

What defines the pH scale and its significance?

It indicates hydrogen ion concentration with each unit representing a tenfold change. (correct)

It is only relevant in laboratory settings.

It ranges from 1 to 10 and measures temperature.

It ranges from 0 to 14 and measures hydroxide ion concentration.

Which process involves the breaking down of macromolecules into monomers?

Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis (correct)

Polymerization

Condensation

What role do buffers play in biological systems?

They stabilize pH levels in organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the primary function of enzymes?

They decrease the activation energy needed for reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature is NOT associated with proteins?

Sugar-phosphate backbone Signup and view all the answers

Which process is a form of active transport?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a polymer?

A large molecule made of monomers linked together. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cell membranes is true?

Cell membranes use various transport mechanisms to manage material flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify, package, and sort proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly outlines the process of rough ER manufacturing and packaging secretory proteins?

Ribosome, ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chromatid from a chromosome?

Chromatids are single strands; chromosomes are pairs of chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is predominantly found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

What role do histones play in the structure of chromosomes?

They package and condense DNA into nucleosomes. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

It describes a dynamic structure where lipids and proteins can move laterally. Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow. Signup and view all the answers

What best explains why the number of chromosomes remains constant throughout mitosis?

Each chromatid is replicated and distributed equally to daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated predominantly with locomotion in cells?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acids and Bases

Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions. A logarithmic scale, meaning a tenfold change occurs for every unit change on the scale.
pH 0-7 are acidic, pH 7 is neutral, pH 7-14 are basic.
A slight change in pH can dramatically affect organisms, as enzymes and other cellular processes are sensitive to pH.
Buffers help maintain a stable pH.

pH and Organisms

pH is crucial for enzyme function, as enzymes have optimal pH ranges.
Changes in pH can disrupt the shape and function of enzymes, impacting cellular processes.
Acid precipitation (acid rain). Acidity is often introduced into the environment.

Organic Compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon atoms. Carbon atoms are versatile because they can form four covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Methane is an example.
Functional groups modify hydrocarbons to create different organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Macromolecules, Polymers, and Monomers

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules that are essential to cellular processes.
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeated smaller units called monomers. Dehydration synthesis links monomers to form polymers, removing a water molecule. Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are hydrophilic molecules (soluble in water).
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose) are simple sugars, isomers (the same molecular formula, but different structure).
Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose) are formed by linking two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose) are complex carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides, and are used as energy storage.

Lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules (insoluble in water).
Fats are composed of triglycerides, which are made of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
Saturated fats have single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, while saturated fats are solid. Trans fats are created by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats.
Steroids (e.g., cholesterol) are lipids with four fused carbon rings.

Proteins

Proteins are polymers made from amino acid monomers.
Peptide bonds link amino acids to form polypeptide chains.
Protein structure is crucial for function. The four levels of protein structure (Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) determines function.
Proteins have diverse functions, including catalyzing reactions (enzymes), transporting molecules, and providing structural support.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. A sugar-phosphate backbone joins nucleotides.

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) biochemical reactions.
Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction. Enzymes lower the activation energy.
Substrates are the molecules that enzymes act on.
The active site is the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
The induced fit model describes how the enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding.
Enzyme inhibitors reduce enzyme activity. Feedback regulation regulates enzyme activity based on product concentration.
Optimal conditions for enzyme activity depend on pH, temperature, and substrate/enzyme concentration.

Cell Membranes

Cell membranes regulate the flow of materials into and out of cells.
Passive transport (diffusion) occurs without energy input.
Facilitated diffusion utilizes transport proteins to aid in the movement of molecules across the membrane.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions refer to relative solute concentrations.
Active transport requires energy input to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis are types of active transport involving vesicle formation.

Cells and Cell Theory

Cells are the basic units of life, and all living things are composed of cells. New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells are complex cells, containing membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Organelles

A cell's organelles carry out specific functions. The following is a list of organelles in a cell and their roles: Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Chromatin, Chromosome, Nucleolus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton.

Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells typically have a cell wall, chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a slightly off-center nucleus. Animal cells typically lack these features.

Mitosis and Cell Division

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
A chromosome is condensed DNA, often described as chromatin, with proteins called histones wrapping around DNA to form nucleosomes.
Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome; the duplicated chromosome.
Mitosis includes stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and cytokinesis.
Chromosome number remains constant through mitosis.

Cancer

Cancer cells grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors (tumors may be benign or malignant).
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. Phases include Interphase (G1, S, G2) and the four main stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of acids and bases, including their effects on pH and organisms. Delve into the characteristics of organic compounds and their significance in biological processes. This quiz will test your understanding of these fundamental chemistry topics.