12 Questions
What is the result of a neutralization reaction?
salt + water
Why do plants need soil to be at a specific pH?
to absorb nutrients effectively
What is the function of the stomach in the digestive process?
to secrete gastric juices to break chemical bonds
What is the role of the enzyme amylase in the digestive process?
to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
What is the purpose of homeostasis in the body?
to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions
What happens to capillaries in cold conditions?
they constrict (narrow)
What is the main difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
Their ability to completely dissociate into ions in a solution
What is the characteristic of a strong base in a solution?
They break up completely to produce a high concentration of hydroxide ions
Which of the following is a characteristic of an acid in the Bronsted-Lowry theory?
Proton donor
What is the main difference between the Bronsted-Lowry theory and the Arrhenius theory?
The role of weak and strong acids and bases
What is the pH range of a weak acid in a solution?
pH between 2-7
What is true about alkalis and bases?
All alkalis are bases
Study Notes
Acids and Bases
- Acids are proton donors that dissociate into H+ ions in aqueous solution, resulting in a lower pH.
- Bases are proton acceptors that dissociate into OH- ions in aqueous solution, resulting in a higher pH.
Strong and Weak Acids/Bases
- Strong Acids: completely dissociate into ions in a solution, producing a high concentration of hydrogen ions, and have a pH > 2.
- Weak Acids: only partially dissociate into ions in a solution, producing a small amount of hydrogen ions, and have a pH between 2-7.
- Strong Bases: completely ionize in water, producing a high concentration of hydroxide ions.
- Weak Bases: only partially ionize in water, producing a small amount of hydroxide ions.
Arrhenius Theory
- The Arrhenius theory is similar to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, but it does not include the role of weak and strong acids and bases.
Examples of Acids and Bases
- Strong Acids: HNO3, HCL, H2SO4
- Weak Acids: CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H2O4
- Strong Bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH
- Weak Bases: NH3, Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2
Neutralization Reaction
- Acid + Base = Salt + Water
- Neutral solutions have an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions.
- Neutralization is an exothermic reaction.
Soil Acidity
- Soil acidity can be neutralized by the addition of a suitable base, such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
- Plants need soil to be at a specific pH to grow well.
Acids Reaction
- Acid + Alkali/Insoluble Metal Hydroxide/Metal Oxide = Salt + Water
- Acid + Metal Carbonate/Hydrogen Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
- Salts ending in '-ic' with Na+, K+, NH4+ are all soluble.
- Salts with Ag+ and Pb2+ are insoluble.
Digestive System
- Peristalsis: a series of wave-like muscle contractions and relaxations that move food through the digestive tract.
- Alimentary canal: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.
Enzymes
- Salivary amylase: breaks down starch into maltose, optimum pH 7.
- Pepsin: breaks down protein into polypeptides, optimum pH 2.
- Pancreatic amylase: breaks down starch into maltose, optimum pH 7.
- Trypsin: breaks down protein into polypeptides, optimum pH 7.
- Lipase: breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol, optimum pH 7.
- Maltase: breaks down maltose into glucose, optimum pH 7.
- Peptidase: breaks down polypeptides into amino acids, optimum pH 7.
- Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, optimum pH 7.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival.
- Three components: receptor, control center, and effector.
- Control center: central nervous system.
- Effectors: sweating, vasodilation (blood vessels widening towards the skin surface to release heat) to regulate temperature.
This quiz covers the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, including strong and weak acids, proton donors and acceptors, and pH levels.
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