Acids and Bases: Bronsted-Lowry Theory

Acids and Bases

• Acids are proton donors that dissociate into H+ ions in aqueous solution, resulting in a lower pH.
• Bases are proton acceptors that dissociate into OH- ions in aqueous solution, resulting in a higher pH.

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

• Strong Acids: completely dissociate into ions in a solution, producing a high concentration of hydrogen ions, and have a pH > 2.
• Weak Acids: only partially dissociate into ions in a solution, producing a small amount of hydrogen ions, and have a pH between 2-7.
• Strong Bases: completely ionize in water, producing a high concentration of hydroxide ions.
• Weak Bases: only partially ionize in water, producing a small amount of hydroxide ions.

Arrhenius Theory

• The Arrhenius theory is similar to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, but it does not include the role of weak and strong acids and bases.

Examples of Acids and Bases

• Strong Acids: HNO3, HCL, H2SO4
• Weak Acids: CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H2O4
• Strong Bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH
• Weak Bases: NH3, Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2

Neutralization Reaction

• Acid + Base = Salt + Water
• Neutral solutions have an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions.
• Neutralization is an exothermic reaction.

Soil Acidity

• Soil acidity can be neutralized by the addition of a suitable base, such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
• Plants need soil to be at a specific pH to grow well.

Acids Reaction

• Acid + Alkali/Insoluble Metal Hydroxide/Metal Oxide = Salt + Water
• Acid + Metal Carbonate/Hydrogen Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
• Salts ending in '-ic' with Na+, K+, NH4+ are all soluble.
• Salts with Ag+ and Pb2+ are insoluble.

Digestive System

• Peristalsis: a series of wave-like muscle contractions and relaxations that move food through the digestive tract.
• Alimentary canal: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.

Enzymes

• Salivary amylase: breaks down starch into maltose, optimum pH 7.
• Pepsin: breaks down protein into polypeptides, optimum pH 2.
• Pancreatic amylase: breaks down starch into maltose, optimum pH 7.
• Trypsin: breaks down protein into polypeptides, optimum pH 7.
• Lipase: breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol, optimum pH 7.
• Maltase: breaks down maltose into glucose, optimum pH 7.
• Peptidase: breaks down polypeptides into amino acids, optimum pH 7.
• Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, optimum pH 7.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival.
• Three components: receptor, control center, and effector.
• Control center: central nervous system.
• Effectors: sweating, vasodilation (blood vessels widening towards the skin surface to release heat) to regulate temperature.

This quiz covers the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, including strong and weak acids, proton donors and acceptors, and pH levels.