Acid-Base Balance

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Questions and Answers

Which process is NOT a primary mechanism by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

  • Bicarbonate reabsorption
  • Potassium secretion (correct)
  • Hydrogen ion secretion
  • Ammonium excretion

What is the normal range of blood pH that the body strives to maintain?

  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 6.35 to 6.45
  • 7.00 to 7.30
  • 7.50 to 7.60

How does the reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) primarily occur in the nephron?

  • In the proximal convoluted tubule (correct)
  • In the collecting duct
  • In the distal convoluted tubule
  • In the loop of Henle

What enzyme is responsible for converting carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) into water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) during bicarbonate reabsorption?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the kidneys, what is exchanged for hydrogen ions during the process of hydrogen ion secretion?

<p>Sodium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what substance is ammonia (NH₃) produced in renal cells during ammonium excretion?

<p>Glutamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys during acidosis?

<p>Bicarbonate reabsorption is maximized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During alkalosis, what adjustments do the kidneys make to hydrogen ion secretion?

<p>Hydrogen ion secretion is decreased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a high-protein diet influence the kidneys' role in acid-base balance?

<p>It produces more acids, increasing renal workload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dehydration typically affect kidney function with regard to acid-base regulation?

<p>It impairs kidney function and affects acid-base regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to compensate for metabolic acidosis, the kidneys will increase the excretion of:

<p>Ammonium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone influences sodium and potassium balance, indirectly affecting acid-base homeostasis?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with chronic kidney disease often experience disruptions in acid-base balance. Which of the following is a common consequence?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During intense exercise, the body may produce excess lactic acid. How do the kidneys respond to help maintain acid-base balance?

<p>By increasing ammonium excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing metabolic alkalosis due to excessive vomiting. Which renal response would be expected?

<p>Decreased hydrogen ion secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidneys in response to respiratory acidosis?

<p>Increasing hydrogen ion secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus may develop ketoacidosis. Which renal mechanism would be activated to compensate for this condition?

<p>Increased ammonium excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of certain diuretics, such as thiazides, potentially impact acid-base balance?

<p>By causing metabolic alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who retain carbon dioxide, what renal adaptation helps maintain pH balance?

<p>Increased bicarbonate reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Which of the following compensatory mechanisms would NOT be effective in managing this condition?

<p>Increased distal nephron H+ secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance

The mechanisms that maintain the pH of body fluids within a narrow range (7.35-7.45).

Acidosis

A condition where the blood pH is too low (below 7.35).

Alkalosis

A condition where the blood pH is too high (above 7.45).

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

A key buffer that helps maintain blood pH. The kidneys reabsorb it to maintain balance.

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Bicarbonate Reabsorption

The process by which kidneys restore bicarbonate back into the bloodstream from the renal tubule.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

An enzyme that converts carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide, important for bicarbonate reabsorption.

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Hydrogen Ion Secretion

The process where kidneys move hydrogen ions into the urine to remove excess acidity from the body.

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H⁺-Na⁺ Exchange

A process in the kidneys where hydrogen ions are exchanged for sodium ions.

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Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

A compound that helps eliminate excess hydrogen ions and preserve bicarbonate levels in the kidneys.

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Ammonium Excretion

The process where kidneys produce and excrete ammonium to eliminate excess acidity.

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Ammonia (NH₃)

Renal cells produce this from glutamine metabolism, which binds with H⁺ to form NH₄⁺.

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Kidney Response to Acidosis

During this condition, kidneys increase H+ secretion, maximize bicarbonate reabsorption, and increase ammonium excretion.

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Kidney Response to Alkalosis

During this condition, kidneys decrease H+ secretion, reduce bicarbonate reabsorption and decrease ammonium production.

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High Protein Diet Impact

This dietary intake increases renal workload by producing more acids.

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Dehydration

This physical state can impair kidney function and affect acid-base regulation.

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Hormones

These can influence sodium and potassium balance, indirectly affecting acid-base homeostasis.

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Chronic Kidney Disease

This disease can impair renal function and disrupt acid-base balance.

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Study Notes

  • Acid-base balance involves mechanisms that keep body fluids' pH within a narrow range.
  • Normal blood pH ranges is 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Kidneys regulate acid-base balance by controlling acid and base levels in the blood.

Importance of pH Balance

  • Maintaining pH balance is vital for enzymatic reactions, metabolic processes, and cellular functions.
  • Acidosis (low pH) and alkalosis (high pH) can occur if pH strays too far from normal.

How Kidneys Regulate Acid-Base Balance

  • The kidneys regulate acid-base balance through:
    • Bicarbonate Reabsorption
    • Hydrogen Ion Secretion
    • Ammonium Excretion

Bicarbonate Reabsorption

  • Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) is a key buffer that maintains blood pH.
  • The kidneys filter and reabsorb bicarbonate back into circulation, mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Mechanism of Bicarbonate Reabsorption

  • Bicarbonate ions are filtered into the renal tubule.
  • Bicarbonate binds to secreted hydrogen ions (H⁺) to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).

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