Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a potential cause of hypovolemic hypernatremia?
What is a potential cause of hypovolemic hypernatremia?
What is a characteristic of euvolemic hypernatremia?
What is a characteristic of euvolemic hypernatremia?
Which factor does NOT directly contribute to hypervolemic hypernatremia?
Which factor does NOT directly contribute to hypervolemic hypernatremia?
Calculating free water deficit can be done using which formula?
Calculating free water deficit can be done using which formula?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition could lead to high sodium levels while maintaining normal fluid volume?
Which condition could lead to high sodium levels while maintaining normal fluid volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of buffers in plasma?
What is the primary role of buffers in plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism compensates for metabolic acidosis in the lungs?
Which mechanism compensates for metabolic acidosis in the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary clinical concern when correcting sodium abnormalities too quickly?
What is the primary clinical concern when correcting sodium abnormalities too quickly?
Signup and view all the answers
In case of respiratory acidosis, which compensation mechanism takes longer to occur?
In case of respiratory acidosis, which compensation mechanism takes longer to occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is likely to lead to respiratory alkalosis?
Which condition is likely to lead to respiratory alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does an increase in bicarbonate concentration usually indicate?
What does an increase in bicarbonate concentration usually indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential symptom of metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following is a potential symptom of metabolic alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of hypernatremia?
What is a common cause of hypernatremia?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when sodium levels remain elevated for more than 48 hours?
What happens when sodium levels remain elevated for more than 48 hours?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of physiological buffers in maintaining pH balance within the body?
What is the primary role of physiological buffers in maintaining pH balance within the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following best describes respiratory acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is primarily associated with metabolic acidosis?
Which condition is primarily associated with metabolic acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of acid-base imbalances, what occurs when the body retains organic acids?
In the context of acid-base imbalances, what occurs when the body retains organic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of sodium abnormalities on acid-base balance?
What is the effect of sodium abnormalities on acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance
- pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
- A normal pH range is 7.35-7.45.
- If hydrogen ion concentration is high, pH is low (acidic).
- If hydrogen ion concentration is low, pH is high (alkaline).
- Lungs and kidneys are major organs regulating acid-base balance.
- CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+ (Carbonic acid system/equation)
- H+ must be neutralized or excreted.
pH Control Mechanisms
- Kidneys: regulating bicarbonate (HCO3-).
- Lungs: regulating CO2.
- Chemical Buffers: usually plasma proteins and carbonic acid equation. Carbonic acid acts as a buffer. Red blood cells (RBCs) also bind H+ ions, acting as a buffer.
- Volatile Acids (e.g., carbonic acid): eliminated as CO2 by the lungs.
- Non-volatile Acids (e.g., sulfuric, phosphoric): eliminated by renal tubules.
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Categories: Metabolic Acidosis (renal), Metabolic Alkalosis (excess bicarb or H+ loss), Respiratory Acidosis (decreased ventilation; CO2 retention), and Respiratory Alkalosis (increased ventilation; CO2 loss).
- Causes: Different diseases and conditions lead to these imbalances.
- Compensation: The body tries to compensate for imbalances through renal and respiratory mechanisms.
Anion Gap
- Used to determine the cause of metabolic acidosis.
- Equation: [Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])
- Normal range is ~8-12 mEq/L.
- Mnemonic (MUDPILES): Methanol, Uremia, DKA/AKA (diabetic ketoacidosis), Paraldehyde/phenformin, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
- Two or more primary acid-base disorders co-occurring.
- Common in hospitalized patients.
- Compensation degree is variable.
Response to Acid-Base Imbalance
- The lungs and kidneys respond to imbalances in opposing ways to correct.
- Interactions between the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system and compensatory mechanisms regulate pH.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (MUDPILES): Mnemonic to remember causes.
- Hypernatremia (Na+ >145): Free water deficit or excessive salt intake.
- Hyponatremia (<135): Excess water intake and or loss of sodium. Treatment includes correcting volume and sodium.
- Hyperkalemia (>5.0): Renal dysfunction, increased intake, or drug-induced.
- Hypokalemia (<3.5): Low intake, excessive loss via urine or vomiting.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of acid-base balance, including pH regulation and control mechanisms. Understand the roles of the lungs and kidneys in maintaining homeostasis, as well as the various acid-base imbalances. Test your knowledge on how these systems interact to regulate body functions.
