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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum allowable free-water to cement ratio specified for the trial mixes?
What is the maximum allowable free-water to cement ratio specified for the trial mixes?
- 0.50 (correct)
- 0.60
- 0.45
- 0.55
Which compressive strength is specified for the first trial mix?
Which compressive strength is specified for the first trial mix?
- 50 MPa
- 30 MPa
- 15 MPa (correct)
- 40 MPa
What is the minimum allowable cement content for the specified trial mix?
What is the minimum allowable cement content for the specified trial mix?
- 350 kg/m3
- 420 kg/m3
- 200 kg/m3
- 290 kg/m3 (correct)
In the ACI Mix Design Method, which is the first step in the procedure?
In the ACI Mix Design Method, which is the first step in the procedure?
What is the defective rate specified for the second trial mix?
What is the defective rate specified for the second trial mix?
What type of coarse aggregate is mentioned for the second trial mix?
What type of coarse aggregate is mentioned for the second trial mix?
According to the specifications, what is the Fineness Modulus (FM) of the fine aggregate for the second trial mix?
According to the specifications, what is the Fineness Modulus (FM) of the fine aggregate for the second trial mix?
What is the maximum aggregate size specified for the first trial mix?
What is the maximum aggregate size specified for the first trial mix?
What is the primary purpose of determining the volume of fine aggregate in concrete?
What is the primary purpose of determining the volume of fine aggregate in concrete?
What specific gravity is given for Type I cement?
What specific gravity is given for Type I cement?
Which factor must be adjusted for in the preparation of a concrete mixture under the ACI method?
Which factor must be adjusted for in the preparation of a concrete mixture under the ACI method?
When comparing material costs, which factor is relevant when changing the maximum aggregate size from 19 mm to 37.5 mm?
When comparing material costs, which factor is relevant when changing the maximum aggregate size from 19 mm to 37.5 mm?
What is the required slump range for the concrete mixture?
What is the required slump range for the concrete mixture?
What contributes to the overall variation in the measured strength of concrete?
What contributes to the overall variation in the measured strength of concrete?
How is the relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength described for strengths above 20 N/mm2?
How is the relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength described for strengths above 20 N/mm2?
Which of the following correctly describes the characteristic strength of concrete?
Which of the following correctly describes the characteristic strength of concrete?
What does a higher coefficient of variation indicate regarding concrete strength results?
What does a higher coefficient of variation indicate regarding concrete strength results?
In a normal distribution, what does the area beneath the curve to the left of a specified value represent?
In a normal distribution, what does the area beneath the curve to the left of a specified value represent?
What is the primary goal of mixture proportioning in concrete mix design?
What is the primary goal of mixture proportioning in concrete mix design?
What is the purpose of the standard deviation in the context of concrete strength?
What is the purpose of the standard deviation in the context of concrete strength?
Which variable is NOT a source of variation in concrete strength?
Which variable is NOT a source of variation in concrete strength?
Which factor is NOT explicitly mentioned as a consideration in mix proportioning?
Which factor is NOT explicitly mentioned as a consideration in mix proportioning?
What is the formula used to express the coefficient of variation as a percentage?
What is the formula used to express the coefficient of variation as a percentage?
What is the effect of using a low water/cement ratio in concrete?
What is the effect of using a low water/cement ratio in concrete?
Which characteristic of concrete does the grade designation primarily provide information about?
Which characteristic of concrete does the grade designation primarily provide information about?
What is one of the expected qualities of a properly proportioned concrete mix?
What is one of the expected qualities of a properly proportioned concrete mix?
Which of the following would NOT be a goal when determining the amount of water in a concrete mix?
Which of the following would NOT be a goal when determining the amount of water in a concrete mix?
Why is the type of cement significant in the concrete mix design process?
Why is the type of cement significant in the concrete mix design process?
What does the term 'acceptable workability' refer to in concrete mix design?
What does the term 'acceptable workability' refer to in concrete mix design?
What is the mixing water quantity (in kg/m3) for a 19 mm nominal maximum aggregate size under a slump of 1 inch for non-air-entrained concrete with a water/cement ratio of 75 - 100?
What is the mixing water quantity (in kg/m3) for a 19 mm nominal maximum aggregate size under a slump of 1 inch for non-air-entrained concrete with a water/cement ratio of 75 - 100?
For which nominal maximum aggregate size does the water mixing quantity decrease most significantly as the slump increases from 0.375 inches to 1.5 inches for non-air-entrained concrete?
For which nominal maximum aggregate size does the water mixing quantity decrease most significantly as the slump increases from 0.375 inches to 1.5 inches for non-air-entrained concrete?
What is the recommended air content for structural concrete exposed to mild conditions?
What is the recommended air content for structural concrete exposed to mild conditions?
How does the mixing water quantity for air-entrained concrete compare to that for non-air-entrained concrete at a slump of 1 inch with a 25 - 50 water/cement ratio?
How does the mixing water quantity for air-entrained concrete compare to that for non-air-entrained concrete at a slump of 1 inch with a 25 - 50 water/cement ratio?
What factor is primarily considered for determining the required water/cement ratio?
What factor is primarily considered for determining the required water/cement ratio?
At a slump of 2 inches for a 100 mm nominal maximum aggregate size, what is the mixing water quantity for non-air-entrained concrete?
At a slump of 2 inches for a 100 mm nominal maximum aggregate size, what is the mixing water quantity for non-air-entrained concrete?
Which of the following mixtures would generally have higher mixing water quantities for air-entrained concrete when compared at the same slump and nominal maximum aggregate size?
Which of the following mixtures would generally have higher mixing water quantities for air-entrained concrete when compared at the same slump and nominal maximum aggregate size?
Which nominal maximum aggregate size contributes to the highest mixing water quantity for a slump of 3 inches in non-air-entrained concrete?
Which nominal maximum aggregate size contributes to the highest mixing water quantity for a slump of 3 inches in non-air-entrained concrete?
What is the water-cement ratio by weight for a compressive strength of 34.5 MPa?
What is the water-cement ratio by weight for a compressive strength of 34.5 MPa?
Which water-cement ratio would correspond to a compressive strength of 20.7 MPa for air-entrained concrete?
Which water-cement ratio would correspond to a compressive strength of 20.7 MPa for air-entrained concrete?
Which factor can increase the coarse aggregate volume in concrete estimates?
Which factor can increase the coarse aggregate volume in concrete estimates?
What is the purpose of estimating coarse aggregate content in concrete?
What is the purpose of estimating coarse aggregate content in concrete?
For an aggregate size of 19 mm, what is the volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete with a fine aggregate fineness modulus of 2.60?
For an aggregate size of 19 mm, what is the volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete with a fine aggregate fineness modulus of 2.60?
What step follows the calculation of cement content in the concrete mixing process?
What step follows the calculation of cement content in the concrete mixing process?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the water-cement ratios in Table 2?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the water-cement ratios in Table 2?
What is understood by the term 'coarse aggregate' in concrete mixing?
What is understood by the term 'coarse aggregate' in concrete mixing?
Flashcards
Mix design
Mix design
The process of determining the required and specified characteristics of a concrete mixture.
Mixture proportioning
Mixture proportioning
refers to the process of determining the quantities of concrete ingredients, using local materials, to achieve the specified characteristics of the concrete.
Workability
Workability
The ability of fresh concrete to flow and be placed without segregation and bleeding.
Durability
Durability
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Strength
Strength
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Appearance
Appearance
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Economy
Economy
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Water-cement ratio (w/c)
Water-cement ratio (w/c)
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Mean Strength
Mean Strength
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Characteristic Strength
Characteristic Strength
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Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
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Coefficient of Variation
Coefficient of Variation
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Defective Strength
Defective Strength
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Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
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Concrete Cube Strength Testing
Concrete Cube Strength Testing
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What influences concrete strength?
What influences concrete strength?
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Maximum allowable free-water/cement ratio
Maximum allowable free-water/cement ratio
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Minimum allowable cement content
Minimum allowable cement content
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Cement content
Cement content
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Slump
Slump
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Maximum aggregate size
Maximum aggregate size
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Crushed aggregate
Crushed aggregate
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Fine modulus (FM)
Fine modulus (FM)
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What is the water-cement ratio?
What is the water-cement ratio?
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What is cement content?
What is cement content?
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What is maximum aggregate size?
What is maximum aggregate size?
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What is the fine aggregate fineness modulus?
What is the fine aggregate fineness modulus?
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What is mixture proportioning?
What is mixture proportioning?
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What is workability?
What is workability?
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What is durability?
What is durability?
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What is strength?
What is strength?
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Water Quantity (kg/m3 or lb/yd3)
Water Quantity (kg/m3 or lb/yd3)
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Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size
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Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
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Air-Entrained Concrete
Air-Entrained Concrete
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Air Content
Air Content
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Fine Aggregate Volume Calculation
Fine Aggregate Volume Calculation
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Ingredient Weight Calculation
Ingredient Weight Calculation
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity
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Aggregate Moisture Adjustments
Aggregate Moisture Adjustments
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Trial Batch Adjustments
Trial Batch Adjustments
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Study Notes
Concrete Mix Design Definitions
- Mix design determines required concrete mixture characteristics, including fresh concrete properties, hardened concrete strength/durability, and ingredient limits. This leads to a concrete specification.
- Mixture proportioning uses local materials to achieve specific concrete characteristics. A properly proportioned mix ensures acceptable fresh mix workability, hardened concrete durability, strength, and uniformity, and is economical.
- Mixture proportioning selects suitable ingredients and determines proportions to achieve minimum workability, strength, and durability at the most economical cost.
Factors Considered in Mix Proportioning
- Workability (Cohesiveness, Slump): Placement conditions influence required workability.
- Strength and Durability: Essential for performance.
- Appearance: Visual appeal is important.
- Economy: Minimize cement, water-cement ratio, and water content to reduce cement content.
Advantages of Low Water/Cement Ratio
- Increased strength
- Lower permeability
- Increased resistance to weathering
- Better bond between concrete and reinforcement
- Reduced drying shrinkage and cracking
- Less volume change from wetting and drying
Basic Data Required for Mix Proportioning
- Grade Designation: Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, considering a suitable margin to the target mean strength for quality control purposes.
- Type of Cement: Influences the rate of compressive strength development.
- Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate: Based on the section size and reinforcement spacing.
- Maximum Water-Cement Ratio: Reflects strength and durability requirements.
- Minimum Cement Content: Determined by environmental exposure conditions.
- Workability: Dependent upon shape/size of the section, reinforcement density, and transportation/placing methods.
- Exposure Conditions: Durability requirements based on the structure's service life.
- Type and Properties of Aggregate: Affects workability and strength; factors like grading, shape, size, and surface texture influence these factors.
- Method of Transporting and Placing: Affects workability.
- Use of Admixtures: Enhance or modify properties of fresh and hardened concrete.
Compressive Strength Grading and Classes
- Concrete is classified according to compressive strength.
- Indian Standards (e.g., M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40): Denote mix design with material proportions (Cement:Fine Aggregate:Coarse Aggregate).
Characteristic Strength and Target Mean Strength
- Concrete strength varies between mixes and even within the same mix during a job.
- Variations occur in testing methods, constituent material properties/proportions, production and delivery/handling processes, and climatic conditions.
- Concrete strength variation follows a normal distribution.
- Standard deviation is a measure of the variability in concrete strength.
- Coefficient of variation is a non-dimensional ratio of standard deviation to arithmetic mean.
- Target mean strength is a higher strength level than the specified characteristic strength, considering a margin factor to ensure the quality criteria set by the client. It is calculated as characteristic strength + (margin factor)*(standard deviation)
Methods of Concrete Mix Design
- Most methods rely on empirical relationships, charts, and graphs from experimental programs.
- Methods employ similar principles with minor variations in mix proportioning selection.
British Method of Concrete Mix Design (DOE Method)
- Method is used for concrete pavements and various other uses, including roads, and is useful for concrete that contains fly ash and/or GGBFS.
- Steps involve finding target mean strength and calculating water/cement ratio.
ACI Mix Design Method
- ACI Standard 211.1 provides a recommended practice for selecting concrete proportions.
- Key steps involve selecting slump, maximum aggregate size, water/cement ratio, cement content, coarse/fine aggregate content, moisture adjustments and batch trial adjustments.
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